عکس: چالش دلالت عینی و مفهوم ضمنی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
بر اساس یافته های موجود می توان مفاهیم و دلالت های عینی و ضمنی را در باره ی عموم عکس ها به کار گرفت. این جُستار در تلاش است چگونگی ساخت و کارکردهای متفاوت این دلالت را در برخی از نمونه عکس های معروف و تعداد کمی عکس معمولی تحلیل کند. در این پژوهش، نگارنده با تعیین متغیرهای مؤثر، طرح دیدگاه های مهم در این زمینه، تحلیل فرمی عکس های نمونه و تجمیع آن ها در فرایند استقرایی نشان می دهد که آن چه را در عکاسی دلالت ضمنی می نامیم می تواند ارجح تر، مهم تر، برانگیزاننده تر و اثرگذارتر از آن چیزی باشد که دلالت عینی(صریح) پنداشته می شود. فرضیه ی اصلی این مقاله این است که دلالت ضمنی حاصل کارکرد متغیرهایی چون نیت عکاس، تجمیع عناصر تصویری در عکس، باور فرهنگی و اعتقاد بیننده، جهت دهی فرهنگی- سیاسی توسط رسانه های قدرت مند و توضیح صریح و روشن گر همراه عکس می باشد. او در آخر به این نتیجه می رسد که در سال های اخیر با توجه به متغیرهای گوناگون تولید و بسترهای متنوع مصرف(ارائه) عکس، تفکیک و تمایز دلالت صریح و ضمنی بر اساس تعاریف دیروز- لااقل- در حوزه عکاسی، سودمند نیست؛ و با توجه به متغیرهای فعال در بسترهای تولید و مصرف عکس، می توان استفاده از عناوین: ‘دلالت اصلی’ و ‘دلالت فرعی’ و یا ‘دلالت قوی’ و ‘دلالت ضعیف’ را پیشنهاد می کند.Photograph: Challenge between Explicit And Implicit meaning
Abstract: Fortunately in recent years in IRAN, Semiotics arguments in Literature and Art study are noticed by researchers. In according to, The Denotation and Connotation functions in photography are updated and expanded. Thus, necessary bases for continuing this argument are available. Although Denotation and Connotation are belong to Semiotics Area, But in Photography, specially Critique of photograph so very useful. In overall view, it seems photograph with similarity Specificity with it`s subject, thus connotation isn`t important. The Document specificity in the most of photographs has approach to denotation meanings. But many researches in this area, like Pierre Guiraud, Daniel Chandler, Louis Hjelmslov, specificity Roland Barthes show this subject(connotation meaning) is very important. Maybe most of others, Barthes argued about meaning and reading the photographs, Also more of others applied these titles. Really The Connotation of many subjects and events is more important than Denotation, Even in Documentary photography area. This research tries to reveal not only ability of Connotation but reveal function of Connotation with analysis several Questions in various kinds of photographs specially for Critique of Photograph. To achieving this purpose, author selected several famous photographs and few ordinary photograph. Then according to hypothesis and the famous Ideas of several theorists in this area, he write text in two whole parts with titles: ‘Review basic definitions’, and ‘Emergence qualities of photograph Connotation’. Also he set the important arguments in detail parts with titles (challenges): The connotation is of photograph be result of photographer attempt. The connotation could be result of title or statement role of photograph. The connotation could be result of gathering the still visual elements in the photograph. The connotation could be only cultural reading or reflections of viewers by ignore photographer`s aim and desire. The connotation could be result of politic- cultural managers` functions. The Denotation in compare with Connotation is illusion. Author wants to show that function in many causes is more provocative, important and influence than Denotation. In this way, He is questioning Connotation that formed by Changeable elements like: Photographer`s aim, Composition of the picture elements, the Viewer`s behavior and belief, The Political- Cultural direction with mass media power in different societies, and direct (explicit) explain about photo. Author try to analysis his founded data in ‘Indication method’ and try to show the different function and influence of connotation (as changeable element) are in various areas. Although major specificity of photograph is resemblance with it`s subject, But in different situation meanings of the photograph are different. And important point, This challenge and argument about it more and more noticed after 1980s, even about older photographs or older movements in photography genres. At last, Author concludes, Definition between Connotation and Denotation is not necessarily, and not useful today. In present time, borders of text and out of the text (as physic and metaphysic) of photograph seem to be ambiguous. Thus, He Suggests to Applying new titles for this argument, Like: ‘Major Significance’ and ‘Minor Significance’ or ‘Powerful and Weak’ Significances are better than old Meanings.
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