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چکیده

  از جمله پرکاربردترین بنمایه های هنری ایرانیان باستان در چین، نقوش شکار بر روی دیواره ها یا ظروف مقابر سلطنتی چینی و سغدی است. در مقابر چینی همچنین دیوارنگاره هایی حاوی نمادهای الهۀ شی وانگ مو یا بهشت جاودان قرار دارند که بین آنها و نقوش شکار بر روی دیواره ها در همان مقابر ارتباط مستقیمی وجود دارد. اگرچه به آثار ایرانیان در چین پرداخته شده اما پاسخی به دلیل استفاده از بنمایه های شکار به سبک پارتی یا ساسانی در کنار الهۀ شی وانگ مو در مقابر چینی داده نشده است. ازاین رو، مقاله حاضر بر آن است تا با روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، ابتدا چرایی حضور پررنگ مفاهیم شکار به سبک ایرانیان باستان در مقابر چینی را توضیح دهد و سپس به دلیل استفاده از همان بنمایه ها در مقابر سغدیان در چین بپردازد. بر طبق نظریۀ جادوی شکار، به نظر می رسد کاربرد نقش های شی وانگ مو و شکار در مقبره ها، شیوه ای جادویی برای رسیدن متوفی به بهشت بوده باشد. تصاویر پیروزی متوفی بر حیوانات شیطانی در واقع جادویی بوده که غلبه بر موجودات شرور و رسیدن به بهشت را تضمین می کرد. این سنت ابتدا در مقابر چینی دیده شد و سپس به تدریج، سغدیان نیز از آنها الگو گرفتند و از نقوش شکار و بنمایه های ایرانی برای ترسیم زندگی پس از مرگ متوفی بهره بردند.

A study of Iranian Hunting Scenes and Motifs on the Ancient Chinese and Sogdian Tombs and its Relationship with the Concept of “Paradise of Xiwangmu”

  A mong the most widely used themes of Persian art in ancient China are hunting motifs on the walls or vessels of Chinese and Sogdian royal tombs. In Chinese tombs, there are also murals containing the symbols of the goddess Xiwangmu (西 王母 ) or eternal paradise, which are directly related to the hunting motifs on the walls in the same tombs. Although ancient Iranian cultural objects and elements in China have been studied, the reasons for use of hunting themes in Parthian or Sasanid fashions and reliefs of the goddess Shivangmo in Chinese tombs have not been studied. Therefore, the present article intends to use a descriptive-analytical method to first explain the presence of Iranian hunting concepts in Chinese tombs and then to discuss the use of the same themes in Sogdian tombs in China. According to “hunting magic”, the use of hunting in tombs seems to have been a magical way for the deceased to reach paradise. This tradition was first seen in Chinese tombs, and then gradually, Sogdians followed them and mixed hunting motifs with Persian cultural elements to depict the afterlife. Considering the variety of hunting images on Sassanid vessels and also the use of these motifs on Chinese and Sogdian tombs in China, which are mostly found near the city of Chang’an or Xi’an, the present article intends to examine these works in China and to consider whether the widespread use of hunting images and the use of Parthian and Sasanid style of hunting motifs in Chinese tombs is related to burial rites. In other words, was it the intention of the Chinese to use these unique motifs to depict the afterlife of their dead? The researcher claims that the Chinese people from the Parthian period were very interested in using the unique works of Iranians and it was new and attractive to them. This is especially evident in the ritual use of Iranian hunting motifs on the Chinese vessels and tombs. hunting imagery in these tombs depicted the route through the desolate spaces that were believed to exist between this world and the next. In addition to the Chinese Tombs, hunting scenes with Sassanid and Parthian fashions are also engraved on Sogdian tombs in late Sassanid period. As discussed, the inscriptions, historical and literary narratives, and images on tombs and vessels discovered in China suggest that the deceased tried to walk the difficult path between this world and the next, in order to reach the paradise of the goddess Xiwangmu. The connection of this goddess with hunting has caused her to be depicted in the tombs of the ancient Chinese from the beginning of the Han period. Parthian and Sassanid-style hunting symbols in Sogdian tombs also were ways of helping for the deceased to make his way to paradise. In other words, the ancient Sogdians learned from the Chinese and used hunting symbols on utensils or tombstones in order to help the deceased to walk the path to paradise by killing wild animals.  

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