پیامدپژوهی اندیشه زرتشتی در بشقاب فلزی ساسانی و سفالینه های سلجوقی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
جستار حاضر، مطالعه ای تطبیقی میان نمونه ای شاخص از بشقاب فلزی ساسانی با سفالینه های سلجوقی است که نقشمایه ای یکسان و نمادین از انسان را در طبیعتی جاویدان به نمایش می گذارند. هدف این مقاله، تبیین نسبت مفهومی این نقشمایه در دو دوره تاریخی ایران است که زینت ّ بخش بشقاب سیمین و زرین ساسانی بوده و در سفالینه های سلجوقی نیز تکرار میشود. پرسش اصلی بدین شرح است: معناشناختی جایگاه انسان که با الگوهای بصری یکسان در بشقاب فلزی ساسانی و سفالینه های سلجوقی نمود یافته با کدام حوزه اندیشگانی انسانگرایانه ایرانی مناسبت دارد؟ این پژوهش با منابع کتابخانه ای و روش توصیفی- تحلیلی به بررسی کیفی داده ها میپردازد. براساس نتایج پژوهش به نظر میرسد نقشمایه مورد مطالعه که بر محوریت نقش انسان در طبیعتی ماندگار تمرکز دارد، وامدار مفاهیم انسانگرایانه زرتشتی است که در ادوار تاریخی ایران پیش از اسلام تجلی داشته و در دوره اسلامی نیز تداوم یافته است. در بشقاب ساسانی و سفالینه های سلجوقی، تصویرگری انسان دلالت بر جایگاه استعلایی انسان به مثابه باشندگان مینوی دارد که یاریگر امشاسپندان َه َ ئوروتات و اَمرتات در صیانت از آب و گیاه است. هنرمند ساسانی و سفالگر سلجوقی با آفرینش صحنه ای ممتاز بر َ مقام سپنتایی انسان خرد َورز و پیامد نیک َمنشی او در محیط پیرامونی تأکید نموده و جاودانگی فرهنگ ایرانی را در طبیعتی سرمدی می جویند.The Implications of Zoroastrian Thought on Sassanid Metal Dish and Seljuk Potteries*
A ccording to the studies, without identifying the ideas and beliefs that form the epistemological structure and worldview of civilizations, understanding the culture and artifacts will be hard. Zoroastrianism or Mazdayasna is one of the world’s oldest continuously practiced religions, based on the teachings of the Iranian prophet Zoroaster. Zoroastrianism has a dualistic cosmology of good and evil and an eschatology which predicts the ultimate conquest of evil by good. Zoroastrianism exalts an uncreated and benevolent deity of wisdom, Ahura Mazda (Wise Lord), as its supreme being. In Zoroastrian tradition, there are the first seven emanations called Amesha Spentas, through whom all subsequent creation was accomplished. Haurvatat (Wholeness- Water guardian- Guardian of human conscience), Ameretat (Guardian of plants and human Immortality) are known as two examples of them. The doctrine of the Amesha Spenta, through their connection with creation, unites ethereal and spiritual concepts with material and manifest objects in a “uniquely Zoroastrian” way: not only as abstract “aspects” of Ahura Mazda but also worthy of reverence themselves and personified or represented in all material things. In the Gathas, each Amesha Spenta represents a good moral quality that mortals should strive to obtain. Thus, the doctrine of the great seven is that through good thoughts, words, and deeds, each individual should endeavor to assimilate the qualities of an Amesha Spenta into oneself. Throughout history of Iran, Iranian people have used some different motifs in their art crafts based on their thoughts and interpret about universe. Handicrafts in Iran have a history of several thousand years and are the most significant and original manifestations of ancient history which are related to Iranian thoughts and belief. This article is a comparative study between the motif of an excellent old Sassanid metal dish and the pictures of two Seljuk potteries - a similar scene is represented in all of them (two figures sitting next to a tree and a pond with fish). The purpose of this article is to analyze the similar visual and conceptual patterns in the two different historical periods of Iran (preIslamic and post-Islamic). The present article tries to answer this question: what is the most important Iranian thought that caused to create the similar visual patterns in Sassanid metal dish and Seljuk potteries? The research method is descriptive-analytical, applied to desk-based data. It seems that the visual and conceptual patterns of Sassanid metal dish and Seljuk potteries are related to the Amesha Spenta (Haurvatat and Ameretat) in Zoroastrianism. In Zoroastrian ritual, Amesha Spenta Haurvatat, who protects water, is considered as the guide of human conscience to avoid evils. Amesha Spenta Ameretat is responsible for plants and the immortality of Iranian wise humans. The results of this research show Sassanid artist and Seljuk potter by creating a unique scene of human, water, tree and nature emphasize on the spirit of Spenta hidden in Iranian wise human. According to Zoroastrian humanism, Iranian wise human with good thoughts and good deeds protects water and trees and causes the permanence of Iranian culture in a sustainable nature. Keyword
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