سوگردانی از ساحت صنعت به ساحت هنر؛ امکان نجات بخش زمانه ما از نگاه هیدگر (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هیدگر در رساله پرسش از تکنیک ضمن صحیح دانستن تعریف های موجودشناسانه از صنعت یعنی صنعت به مثابه مجموعه ابزارآلات و وسایل یا فعالیت هدفمند انسانی، معتقد است این تعریف ها به هیچ وجه ذات یا حقیقت صنعت را به دید نمی آورند. در نگاهی وجودشناسانه، وی صنعت را - به مانند هنر- نحوی انکشاف وجود به واسطه آدمی میداند و عقیده دارد برخلاف هنر که انکشافی به نحو پوئسیس یعنی تحقق حقیقت وجود در موجودات است، صنعت انکشافی به نحو گشتل یعنی ظاهرشدن موجودات به عنوان منابع قابل بهره برداری است. هیدگر در این رساله گشتل را تقدیر انکشاف در عصر کنونی دانسته و مخاطرات آن را برای زمانه ما برشمرده است. اما درعین حال بین سرنوشت و تقدیر تفاوت قائل شده و بر این باور است که چنانچه بشر امروز خطر گشتل را - که بیش از همه متوجه سرشت انسانیاش است - به عمق جان دریابد، سوگردان خواهد شد. به عقیده وی با سوگردانی یا چرخش به سوی وجود، نسبت آدمی با وجود - از بُعد ُ به قرب- تغییر خواهد کرد و امکان تغییر تقدیر زمانه - از گشتل به پوئسیس- و در نتیجه امکان نجات از خطر گشتل در عصر جدید ّ میسر خواهد شد.Turning from Technic to Art; as the Savior of Our Age in Heidegger’s Philosophy*
I n The Question Concerning Technology, Heidegger considers the Ontical definitions of Technic - Technic as instrrument or human activity - correct. But He believes such definitions do not reveal the essence of Technic. With an Ontological attitude, He views the Technic as a kind of revealing of Being , like the Art. However He believes Unlike Art - that is a Poetical revealing-, Technic is a Gestell - Type revealing. In this Treatis, Heidegger considers Gestell as destining of revealing in our age and describes it’s danger to us. Heidegger considers the most important danger of Gestell to be The absolutism of revealing of Being by human as a result of that The original and fundamental way of revealing, Poiesis, has been forgotten and even revealing itself has become impossible. In such a situation, man also understands his essence only as a subject of domination and he does not remember his true dignity, which is the refuge of Being in beings Thus Heidegger considers the most serious danger of Gestell to be the damage to the originality of Dasein, which is the refuge of Being in beings and he believes that Poiesis, or in other words, the essence of art in our time can not be realized . According to Heidegger, the human race of our time has two ways forward in the face of such a situation. Or surrender to what is destined to the status quo; Or, by reflecting on the essence of what is dangerous to him, finds a way out of this situation. It can be said that Heidegger make a difference between fate and destiny. He believes if the man of our age find out danger of Gestell - which has caused the most damage to its human essence - he will turn toward Beinh. Reflecting on the essence of Technic will lead one to go beyond the Ontical view of Technic, that is, to understand Technic as an efficient human product and see it as it really is. That is, to understand Technic as a form of revealing. In this case, by transcending the beings and being in the openness of Being, - which Heidegger refers to as Turning -, Man's relation to Being will change - from farness to nearness and destining of revealing - from Gestell to Poiesis - will change and consequently way out of Gestell’s danger will be possible. In the sense that Being will be able to emerge in a way other than Gestell. In fact, as a person turns around and settles in Being, his way of being will change - from a domineering presence to a poetic presence and the original form of revealing, Poesis, will be possible. In other words, it can be said that by Turning, a person connects with his true self and his way of being will change from inauthenticity to authenticity. In such a case, Gestell will not rule as the only way to revealing and so - despite the presence - will not be dangerous to humans.
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