Cultural Intelligence

The process of globalization entails the acquisition of a construct, cultural intelligence, with which EFL students can function appropriately in intercultural situations. This study was, first, intended to find the relationship between cultural intelligence and the use of expressions of gratitude by Iranian EFL learners. Second, it sought to determine whether there were any significant differences between low and high culturally intelligent EFL learners in the way they used expressions of gratitude in English. To this end, 118 intermediate learners were selected through convenient sampling, with their proficiency level being controlled. A discourse completion test (DCT) for the expressions of gratitude and a cultural intelligence scale were given to the participants of the study. Learners’ DCT responses were rated on a five-point Likert scale and then analyzed. Statistical tests including Pearson Correlation Coefficient and t-test were used to investigate the research questions. The results of the analysis revealed that there was not a significant relationship, either positive or negative, between cultural intelligence and use of expressions of gratitude. Furthermore, no difference was found between the two groups, high and low culturally intelligent, in the way they used English expressions of gratitude. These findings have implications for the instruction of pragmatic competence.

This study was designed to explore the relation pattern of cultural intelligence, cultural identity, autonomy, and self-efficacy and second language achievement of Iranian EFL learners. The participants were 247 undergraduate students. Data were collected nationwide, from different parts of Iran; that is, from Kerman, south of Iran; Hamadan, west of Iran; Mashhad, east of Iran; and Gorgon, north of Iran. The participants' ages ranged from 18 to 26 and they were mostly juniors and seniors. They completed the following questionnaires: Cultural Intelligence Questionnaire (Ang, et al., 2007), Cultural Identity Clarity Scale (Usborne & Taylor, 2010), Learner Autonomy Questionnaire (Cotterall, 1995, 1999) and Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (Pinitrich, Smith, Garcia & Mckeachie, 1991). The participants’ GPA of three general English courses were considered as their second language achievement. Responses from questionnaires were collected through convenience sampling. The design of the study is based on path analysis. After data collection, the hypothesized model was tested by AMOSE program. The results demonstrated that the variables under study could strongly predict EFL learners' L2 achievement. L2 achievement may largely depend on students’ cultural intelligence, cultural identity, autonomy and self-efficacy. Also, it was reported that autonomy was the strongest predictor of EFL learners’ L2 achievement.

Abstract Purpose: The aim of this paper was to provide a talent management model based on emotional, organizational and cultural intelligence in Islamic Azad Universities, Fars province. Methodology: The research used descriptive and survey methods and the statistical population included all faculty members of Islamic Azad University, Fars Province in educational year in 2016-2017. The sample size included 332 subjects who were selected by stratified random sampling method. The data collection tools were talent management questionnaire (2007), Albrecht organizational intelligence questionnaire (2003), Goleman emotional intelligence questionnaire (2000) and Ang and Earley cultural intelligence (2004). Findings: Data were analyzed using the SPSS and Amos software. Pearson correlation results showed that there is a significant positive relationship between emotional intelligence and its components with talent management. There is also a significant positive relationship between organizational intelligence and its components with talent management, as well as there is a significant positive relationship between cultural intelligence and its components with talent management. Structural equation modeling results showed that emotional intelligence variable (0.24%) explained the highest cultural intelligence variance. Conclusion: Therefore, the results of the study suggest that by increasing emotional, organizational and cultural intelligence among the faculty members of Azad University, talent management will be also improved

This study examined the relationship between cultural intelligence and managers’ performance of travel agencies. The study is applied research in terms of objectives, and this is correlational descriptive research in terms of collecting and analyzing data. The study population consisted of 500 tour managers and guides in Isfahan province. The sampling method was the simple random sampling method, and the sample size was 217 managers and tour guides of the Isfahan according to Cochran`s formula. Data were collected by questionnaire and analyzed by Lisrel software, using structural equation modeling (SEM). Findings show a positive and significant relationship between tour managers' cultural intelligence and their performance in dealing with crises. Thus, the strategic importance of cultural intelligence in managers' performance while dealing with challenges has been approved. Furthermore, cultural intelligence is recognized as one of the factors influencing the prosperity of tourism by enhancing manager performance.  

One of the controversial issues in learning English is the appropriate use of formulaic sequences as one of the effective factors in pragmatic production. Not merely the language proficiency level, but also the individual’s capability to adapt to a new culture plays a significant role in the appropriate use of formulaic sequences. First, this study intends to find the relationship between cultural intelligence and the use of formulaic sequences. Second, it seeks to identify whether there is a significant difference between the second language learners with different proficiency levels in the appropriate use of formulaic sequences. From the Universiti Sains Malaysia, a total of 50 Malaysian students participated in the study. First, the participants completed an oral Discourse Completion Task (DCT) test, and then they were required to fill a Cultural Intelligence Scale (CQS). The statistical analysis revealed a significant correlation between the level of proficiency and the production of formulaic sequences. However, no relationship was found between the level of cultural intelligence and the production of formulaic sequences among the participants. The results obtained from this research would benefit the curriculum designers by boosting the communication skills of ESL learners. However, more studies should be conducted with different instruments and methodology to ensure more accurate results.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to rank municipality efficiency by stimulating job performance of employees and managers of municipalities of north Khuzestan Province through cultural intelligence based on data envelopment analysis (DEA) linear programming model. Methodology: The present study was applied in terms of objective and descriptive survey in terms of data collection method. The statistical population of this study included experts and managers of municipalities of north Khuzestan Province. The statistical sample was selected by convenience sampling. Data collection tools were cultural intelligence questionnaire by Ang et al. (2004), occupational performance questionnaire by Alirezaei et al. (2012). Findings: Finally, it was concluded that, in order of priority, Dezful, Lali, Shush, Izeh, and Masjed Soleiman were the most efficient municipalities. Conclusion: According to the present study, it was found that the cultural intelligence of employees and managers has a positive effect on their job performance

Tour guides are considered as one of the key players within the tourism supply chain, serving as direct interfaces with visitors and acting as cultural mediators between diverse cultures. They exert a significant influence on tourists' intentions for repeat visits. Nowadays, tourists are not merely seeking basic information from guides, as they can easily access such information online. Instead, they are in search of creative, authentic, interactive experiences with participatory learning, demanding the presence of creativity in tour guides. Consequently, guides need to demonstrate new forms of creativity in their performance. Creativity is a pivotal aspect for achieving professional success in the realm of tour guiding. The depth of their professional knowledge and their creative abilities significantly impact the quality of tours and the portrayal of destinations. As cultural intelligence is one of the critical dimensions of creativity, this research aims to explore the relationship between cultural intelligence and the creativity of tour guides. Using a library review method, it examines the role of cultural intelligence, its dimensions, and indicators. Ultimately, it presents a conceptual framework for fostering the creativity of tour guides, grounded in the principles of cultural intelligence.

The present research was targeted toward examining the relationship between cultural intelligence (CQ), emo-sensory intelligence (ESQ), language learning strategies (LLS), and students’ language achievement (LA). A number of 300 EFL Iraqi students studying at the English Language Department of AL-Qadisiyah University, Iraq was selected through convenience sampling. The participants filled out the cultural intelligence questionnaire, emo-sensory intelligence scale, and the language learning strategy inventory. Students’ final scores were used as a means through which their language achievement could be gauged. The data were analyzed using Pearson Product-Moment Correlation and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) analysis. The findings indicated a significant relationship between ESQ, CQ, learning strategies, and students’ language achievement. In addition, it was found that CQ and language learners’ strategy could directly predict the language achievement of Iraqi EFL learners. ESQ, could only predict language learners’ achievement through the mediation of language learning strategies.

Listening anxiety is the feeling of apprehension that learners might experience when trying to comprehend information from others. This anxiety associated with listening comprehension has been a significant focus of academic research for the past few decades. Foreign language listening anxiety (FLLA) can be triggered by different factors, including affective pressure, cognitive load, or communication disorders. However, there is a lack of appropriate conceptual models to accurately pinpoint the sources of anxiety related to listening. This research introduces a novel model in a non-experimental correlation research design to scrutinize the efficacy of cultural intelligence (CQ) and reflective thinking (RT) in predicting the source of FLLA among EFL learners. To accomplish this, a sample of 250 EFL students was administered the three scales for the constructs under study. In terms of the statistical analysis, structural equation modeling (SEM) was run to examine the fit of the conceptual model. The findings showed that both CQ and RT affect FLLA. However, RT was a stronger predictor of FLLA than CQ. Notably, critical reflection was found to be the strongest predictor of FLLA in the RT. Besides, both cognitive and behavioral dimensions equally influenced FLLA for CQ. Lastly, the results and implications for reducing FLLA are discussed.

This study introduces a model to test the impact of cultural intelligence (CQ) on the listening anxiety. In so doing, reflective thinking (RT) and language learning motivation (LLM) were considered as the predictor roles. To examine the model, a non-experimental correlation research design was adopted. To collect the data, four scales, Ang et al. (2007) CQ, Kim’s (2000) LA, Noels et al. (2000) LLM, and Kember et al. (2000) RT were distributed via Porsline online survey tool among EFL learners.  Following Byrne (2010) guidelines for the sample size, a sample of 250 (n= 117 male and n=133 female) students were randomly selected using a cluster random sampling method at multistage from 23 language institutes. Notably, each student was asked to fill out four questionnaires. Thus, a total of 1000 questionnaires were disseminated digitally via the portal. In total, 815 questionnaires were collected but 185 cases were deemed invalid during the initial examination process. The SEM analysis was performed using the SPSS and AMOS 21 software packages. The results showed that CQ, RT, and LLM made significant unique contributions as the predictors of LA, with a predictive power of (R2 = .47). Specifically, CQ, RT, and LLM collectively accounted for 47% of the variance in LA through both direct and indirect pathways. Accordingly, teachers may consider enhancing learners’ RT to foster listening skill. Besides, high level of CQ can help decrease anxiety in listening skills. The results and implications for reducing LA are further elaborated upon.

This study aimed to examine the effect of cultural intelligence dimensions on the consumer-based brand equity for a tourism destination and the moderating role of the type of tourist in Mashhad. An applied descriptive survey method was used in the present work. The statistical population was all Iranian tourists in Mashhad in 2021, with a sample of 367 respondents. The research tools were the standard questionnaires of Earley and Ang (2003) cultural intelligence and the brand equity of Frias-Jamilena et al. (2018). The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were confirmed. Structural equation modeling was used to test the hypotheses and analyze the data. For this purpose, Smart PLS3 and SPSS 23 were used. According to the results, cultural intelligence significantly affects the consumer-based tourism destination brand. Also, the metacognitive, cognitive, motivational, and behavioral dimensions of cultural intelligence significantly affected the consumer-based brand equity for a tourism destination brand among Mashhad tourists. Also, the results confirmed the moderating role of tourism type on the relationship between cultural intelligence and the consumer-based brand equity for a tourism destination brand among tourists. Tourism officials of Mashhad are advised to launch a comprehensive website to detail the economic, cultural, and religious components of tourists who intend to travel to Mashhad. This helps value tourist choice and increases the Mashhad brand among tourists by strengthening the cultural intelligence of tourists.