مطالب

In this paper, the attributes of Jesus as the second person of Trinity in Christianity and Muhammadan Reality in Islamic Theosophy were compared. The term ''Muhammadan Reality'' in Islamic Theosophy refers to transcendental and divine being of Muhammad rather than his human and historic existence. According to this research, both Jesus and Muhammadan Realities have divine attributes. They are lights of God, the Word or the Pen of God, the creators of the word, omniscience, omnipotent, omnibenevolent as well as the intermediaries between God and humans. In this study, it is demonstrated that what happened to Jesus in Christianity, it has also happened to Muhammad in Islamic theosophy with some differences. The influence of Greek philosophy, especially Platonic, in ascribing these attributes to Jesus in Christianity and Muhammad in Islamic theosophy is undeniable. There is a strong temptation among the scholars of both religions, Islam and Christianity, to extend Jesus and Muhammad to the level of divinity and godhead.

The present study aims to investigate the effect of Zen Buddhism philosophy and language's ideology in the forests and trees in the Sohrab Sepehri's. In some of poems, Sepehri has used the basic concepts of Zen Buddhism, including purity and the core of the relationship between vision and nature. The purpose of this paper is to study of the intellectual context and process of Zen Buddhism philosophy on the Sepehri's poems. In the search for this problem, the key concepts and categories of Zen Buddhist philosophy are first outlined and then analyzed in order to represent this attitude in the depiction of trees and forests as manifestations of nature in the selected poems of Sepehri. The present study was conducted using descriptive-analytic method. The current research showed that Sepehri used the forest and trees as symbolic myths in expressing Zen Buddhism's mystical thoughts in his poems. The forest and tree used as a symbol to describe the main components of Zen Buddhism, such as knowledge, escape from dichotomy and subconsciousness, in the "The Sound of The Water feet " and the «The Green Volume«. The present study showed the tree's position in Sepehri's poems has a high correlation with Zen Buddhism. The findings of the present study indicate the direct effect of Zen Buddhism's attitude on the Sepehri's poems particular emphasis on nature and tree.

For years, effective classroom management and the constraints which affect teachers’ classroom management have been of much concern to both teachers and teacher educators. Despite such paramount importance, this issue has been far less explored in general and the Iranian EFL context in particular. Therefore, the current study employed a phenomenological inquiry to delve into the constraints which set hurdles in the way of effective classroom management. To that end, 20 Iranian EFL teachers from different branches of the same English Language Institute were selected through purposive sampling and interviewed in person to extract thick and in-depth data. The interviews then were transcribed verbatim and their content was inductively analyzed to let frequent themes emerge. Results of the analysis indicated that four major themes, namely ‘institute-related’, ‘learner-related’, ‘teacher-related’, and ‘social-cultural differences’ frequently manifested. It should be noted that each main theme also comprised several sub-themes. Some stakeholders such as teachers and teacher educators could benefit from the findings to promote the quality of EFL teachers’ classroom management.