مطالب

Background: In addition to governments, the activities of international organizations such as a large multinational corporation may be detrimental and hazardous to international public order. For example, companies that produce microbial and chemical bombs and organizations that traffic women, children, opiates in addition to buying and selling human organs, or that carry out sexual terrorism and international prostitution. The objective of the present study is on the criminal responsibility of international organizations in the international law system as well as whether international law has ever attempted to identify the criminal responsibility of such persons? Conclusion: At the turn of twentieth century, followed by the expansion of international exchanges and outbreak of ravaging wars, the advancement of science and technology, esp. military equipment technology, emergence of natural disasters or spread of dangerous infectious diseases, and stimulating humanitarian sensations and ... international organizations, including governmental or non-governmental, regional or global ones, with specific political, economic, cultural and social topics or a combination of them, were formed. Presence, activity and influence of these organizations in international relations arena was so epitomized that the international institutions are mentioned as the most important players of international relations after governments. Unfortunately, taking a glance at the international penal system structure, we find out that the international criminal regime drawn out in the 1990s is basically a system established based on the trial of real persons, and not legal entities. The regime of the International Criminal Court has explicitly excluded the trial of legal persons via this path. From this outlook, the situation of international organizations in terms of criminal law develops a gap in international criminal law that entails the action of the said key players in the international arena.

Task-based language teaching is defined as learning by doing or self-motivated learning. Instances regarding TBLT capabilities include team work,workshops, and constructivism . The current research is an attempt to scrutinize the upshots of EFL teachers and learners' mind-sets for classroom assignments in the form of writing skills in terms of structure and content. Due to this, 60 Iranian EFL learners were decided on from a language institute in Isfahan, Iran via convenience sampling. An Oxford Placement Test, the Oxford Attitude Questionnaire , and the Assignment Questionnaire were employed to amass data and firm up participants' levels. To categorize the assignments, learners were demanded to write a text on the submitted topics. The assignments were divided into three sets as per learners' opinions: The assignments deemed appropriate by the learners, by teachers and by no one special (control group) .Afterward, the topics separately chosen by the learners and the teachers were imparted to the participants in distinct groups. Besides, the control group was given a distinctive group of topics. Then, the completed assignments were corrected via Liao and Wang scoring scale and the results were evaluated through one-way analysis of variance. The results revealed a significant difference between the performance of learners in the three groups in terms of writing proficiency. This means that the group who received their assignments based on the teachers' attitude, outperformed the other two groups. Research applications are postulated at the end of the article.

Justin Kurzel’s film, Macbeth (2015) demonstrates a large number of Christian symbols and images. This comparative study seeks the relation between the Protestantism discourse of the Elizabethan era, and the religious visualizations and images used in Kurzel’s movie including the Cross, paintings, costumes and mise-en-scene. By applying Linda Hutcheon’s theory of adaptation to exploring the film, the meaning of these images can be found through contextualization. How Kurzel creates a new way to visualize the main socio-historical ideas of the original text will be examined. Stam’s model of intertextual dialogism helps a better understanding of how these images relate to the original setting. While Kurzel features an authentic medieval Scottish setting, he employs new visual ways to convey the socio-cultura context of the Shakespearean Macbeth. Concerning Macbeth (2015), it could be argued that there are still similar examples of the justification of violence and war in our contemporary era. By voicing the marginalized Macbeths, Justin Kurzel relates to similar unjust conditions in the contemporary time and place.