مطالب

This study aimed to develop and validate a model of reflective skills for Iranian EFL teachers to help them acquire reflective skills. Accordingly, an exploratory sequential mixed-methods design was used in two phases. In the qualitative phase, 50 EFL teachers were recruited based on available sampling method from different private language institutes of Fars Province, Iran to participate in semi-structured interviews. The interview data were analyzed following open, axial, and selective coding procedures and the results were used to develop a reflective skills questionnaire. The quantitative phase involved 300 EFL teachers who were selected through available sampling to complete the researcher-made questionnaire. The process of quantitative data analysis was conducted through Cronbach’s Alpha test, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). According to the results, a model of reflective skills for Iranian EFL teachers was designed consisting of three main components including social skills, pedagogical skills, and transformative skills, with twelve sub-components. The findings offer some implications for policymakers, teacher trainers, and other stakeholders in charge of training and recruiting EFL teachers.

In recent years, the importance of willingness to communicate (WTC) in second language acquisition has gained considerable attention, as it is a crucial factor influencing learners' language use and overall communicative competence. Understanding how various instructional methods can enhance WTC is vital for improving EFL education. This study investigated the comparative impacts of interventionist and interactionist dynamic assessment models on the WTC among 75 Iranian intermediate EFL learners. Participants were divided into two experimental groups (EG1 and EG2) and one control group (CG), with a total of 16 treatment sessions delivered over a semester. Both experimental groups received dynamic assessment interventions, with EG1 utilizing the interventionist model and EG2 employing the interactionist model. The results revealed that both EGs significantly outperformed the CG in enhancing WTC; however, no statistically significant differences were found between the two experimental groups. This study contributes to the understanding of how different dynamic assessment approaches can effectively foster learners' WTC in English. The findings suggest that educators can adopt either dynamic assessment model to improve WTC among EFL learners, emphasizing the need for ongoing research into optimal assessment strategies in language education.

The illustrated manuscripts of Iran in the Islamic period have various cultural, archaeological, social, historical, religious, artistic and other information, And this information is important for historians, archaeologists and scientists of various sciences. kings counted as the main supporters of creating illustrated manuscripts with different topics such as heroic, religious in the Taymurid period. So many books such as Khavaran Nameh, Shahnameh, Khamseh, rewritten and illustrated by same kings in the Taymurid period. Generally, Shahrokhi’s Merajnameh is one of the most important illustrated manuscripts in the Taymuird period and this book has almost 58 miniatures with illustrated pages that written in Turkish,Uighur and Arabic languages. Shahrokhi's Merajnameh has valuable miniatures that indicate us cultural and artistic and historical information about the Taymuird period. One of the main purpose of this article is to introduce the illustrated manuscripts in Merajnameh as one of the study sources in the field of history, art and archeology in the Taymurid period. Archaeological and artistic analysis of the miniatures of this book is another goal of this research.In this research, with fieldwork and library studies, a number of illustrated miniatures of Merajnameh have been studied with descriptive and analytical methods and sometimes with a comparative approach.The result of this research shows the importance of Merajnameh miniatures in the cultural reconstruction of the Taymurid period in Iran.

This study analyzes 26 pottery fragments from the Shah Qoli Beygi archaeological site, focusing on their typology, technology, and chronological significance within the Lapui phase of prehistoric Fars in the Shiraz Plain. The assemblage, dominated by red fine wares, also includes common wares and evidence of different from the preceding Middle and Late Fars (Bakun) Phase. Variations in color, texture, and manufacturing techniques, including both hand-made and wheel-made forms, are examined. Comparative analysis with other Lapui sites reveals regional trends in pottery production, including the shift towards red fine wares and the prevalence of specific vessel forms. The study highlights the transition and continuity of ceramic traditions during the Lapui phase, emphasizing the site's contribution to understanding the cultural dynamics of the fourth millennium BC in southern Iran.

This study examines the pragmatic strategies employed by Arab and Western politicians in shaping public opinion regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. By analyzing political speeches and media statements, the research reveals a distinct contrast in rhetorical approaches between the two groups. Arab politicians predominantly use emotionally charged language and accusatory rhetoric, framing Israel as the aggressor and appealing to cultural and ideological sentiments that resonate with their domestic audiences. In contrast, Western politicians adopt a more neutral, diplomatic tone, focusing on cooperation and peaceful negotiations to navigate complex geopolitical interests. The findings confirm that these divergent strategies significantly influence public sentiment, with Arab leaders mobilizing strong support for Palestine, while Western leaders attempt to maintain international alliances by promoting balance and compromise. This study contributes to the fields of political pragmatics, cross-cultural communication, and conflict resolution by highlighting the role of language in shaping public perceptions and policy decisions. The research emphasizes the need for policymakers to consider cultural differences in political communication, offering an understanding to develop more effective communication strategies for international diplomacy. This study examines the pragmatic strategies employed by Arab and Western politicians in shaping public opinion regarding the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. By analyzing political speeches and media statements, the research reveals a distinct contrast in rhetorical approaches between the two groups.

Francesca P. Albanese and Lex Takkenberg’s Palestinian Refugees in International Law,the substantially expanded second edition of which was published in 2020 by OxfordUniversity Press, is an exhaustive and meticulous work that can be considered the seminallegal text on the status of Palestinian refugees. This volume, which is fundamentallya new work built upon the foundation of the 1998 first edition, adopts a holistic andmultidisciplinary approach to examine the historical, legal, and political dimensions ofone of the world’s most protracted refugee crises. The authors, both possessing extensiveexperience with the UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the NearEast (UNRWA), present a profound analysis of the distinctive legal regime governingthis refugee population, arguing that any just and durable solution to their predicamentmust be firmly rooted in the principles of international law.

INTRODUCTION: The International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) is an international non-governmental organization that provides a wide range of humanitarian services to its stakeholders. In an environment marked by growing complexities and challenges in humanitarian crises, commitment to good governance is crucial for effective response strategies. The aim of this study is to examine the extent to which good governance has been realized in the IFRC's operational and functional domains by analyzing available data. METHODS: This qualitative study examines the extent to which good governance has been achieved in the operational and functional areas of the IFRC using discourse analysis, literature review, and studying documents through examining historical documents, the IFRC's regulations, and the reports of the internal audit office over the past 50 years. FINDINGS: According to the findings, adherence to good governance principles enhances the legitimacy and effectiveness of IFRC operations. The development of ethical standards, transparency and accountability in resource management, and employee ethics and conduct are key factors in maintaining public trust and combating corruption. In the meantime, with an emphasis on impartiality, adherence to humanitarian principles, and attracting global support, the principle of integrity plays a central role, especially in rescue and relief operations. CONCLUSION: This study emphasizes the importance of IFRC’s fundamental principles such as humanity, impartiality, and independence as the foundations of decision-making in crises. As humanitarian needs evolve, strengthening these principles is essential to improve performance and preserve the dignity of those affected, also there is a need to focus on developing frameworks to better integrate these principles into operational strategies.