مطالب

Investors pay special attention to risk criteria in assessing the status of companies. So companies can help attract investment by disclosing important risks. So, it is expected that risk disclosure through decreasing information asymmetric between managers and investors can reduce uncertainty and lead to an increase in the companies' value. This paper studies the impact of risk disclosure on firm value in listed companies on the Tehran Stock Exchange. We used Miihkinen (2012) model to calculate our risk disclosure index. Firm Value is calculated through Tobin's Q variable. The statistical population of this study is all companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange from 2010 to 2016. The final selected companies are 59. We find that corporate risk disclosure has significantly and positively impact on firm value. That is, as the disclosure of risk increases, so does the value of the company.

Considerable researches have been devoted to predicting financial distress by using financial ratios and there is a little knowledge about this issue and how report paragraphs and information may contribute to predict companies’ insolvency. The major purpose of this study is to explore the effects of audit report types, pre-opinion paragraphs, special emphasis paragraphs, and other explanatory paragraphs on financial distress among firms listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. The research period is from 2011 to 2018 and the sample consists of 107 firms which are selected using a purposeful sampling method. Results of multiple regression analysis shows there is not any significant association between audit report type, the number of pre-opinion paragraphs, special emphasis paragraphs and other explanatory paragraphs with financial distress.

Resource allocation, as the main objective of managerial science, requires analyzing the long- and short-term effects of a policy, although this analysis would be more difficult in dynamic and volatile industries such as financial technology. Moreover, the integration of industries leads to more diverse product categories for a single company and makes it difficult for the implementation of decision making about resource allocation. In this regard, systemic PPM (PPM) models can be applied to balance long- and short-term generated values of the company by adopting policies about resource allocation for different products with respect to risk management concepts. The proposed systemic model should include interrelationships between different products, time relevant, and most importantly the potentials of dynamic analysis of product strategies, which is the main purpose of this research. The research strategy is to conduct a case study on the Iranian financial technology industry, by using systemic PPM modeling. In this research, a dynamic model was used in the payment industry, due to its competitive forces. Thus, system dynamics methodology was the research tool for analyzing data. Further, four cycles of risk management, resource allocation, innovation, and development were identified and then, analyzed in a dynamic approach to evaluating their efficiency for business development. Based on the results, the system dynamics methodology provided great outcomes for this problem. Finally, scenario analysis, focus, deep understandings of the decision-making process with respects to mental models, and stock and flow diagrams were among the most significant findings of this article.

Most of the models accounting for L2 oral production have deemed a significant role for vocabulary knowledge in this process. Previous studies have demonstrated a positive relationship between different aspects of lexical knowledge and performance or proficiency of second language skills including the speaking performance. Meanwhile, the findings have suggested a determining role for the task type used for measuring speaking performance when one or more aspects of lexical knowledge are in focus. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between the EFL Learners’ deep vocabulary knowledge (DVK) and speaking performance by scrutinizing the mediating role of task type. To this end, 102 bachelor ELT students were given Word Associate Test to measure their DVK, and a planned presentation task and unplanned tasks of description, narration and reasoning to elicit speaking performance. The elicited samples of speaking performance were transcribed and analyzed in terms of fluency, accuracy, lexical complexity and grammatical complexity. Structural equation modeling indicated a lack of causal relationship between DVK and aspects of speaking performance as measured with both planned and unplanned tasks. However, mixed results were obtained in the case of the correlations of fluency, accuracy, grammatical complexity and lexical complexity with DVK across different tasks. Although the findings do not provide evidence for a strong relationship between DVK and speaking performance when DVK is analyzed in isolation from other aspects of vocabulary knowledge, the variation witnessed in findings provide further proof for the importance of task effectiveness in the study of lexical access.