درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

This paper is concerned with the saddle-path stability of monetary growth rules in a two-country two-sector dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model. Alongside standard features of emerging economies, such as a combination of producer and local currency pricing for exports, fiscal dominance and oil exports, this model also incorporates informal labour and production sectors and examines how these features matter in the context of monetary policy in emerging economies. We estimate the model on Iran and US data for home and foreign block respectively using Bayesian estimation techniques. Under a benchmark instruments of monetary policy, we show that a Taylor-type money growth rule rather than interest rate, even up to a four period ahead forward-looking has complete stability and determinacy properties in the economy which is also hold regardless of the level of asset market participation, therefore the inverted Taylor principles does not apply in our economy. Our findings confirm the important propagation channels which are active in the emerging economies and taking into account these features is essential for any policy-related study, such as the stabilizer effect of terms of trade between formal and informal sector, buffer behaviour of informal sector which is dampened in the model of higher informal frictions, disturbance effects of credit constrained household on the business cycle fluctuations and finally, monetary policy shock which is less effective in an environment of high share of informal sector, low informal frictions, high share of limited asset market participations and a trade autarky economy.

The study aimed at showing how to create and release cryptocurrency, based on which one can introduce a new generation of this money that can continue its life in the quantum computers space and study whether cryptocurrency could be controlled or the rules should be rewritten in line with new technology. Regarding this, we showed the evolution of money and its uses in economic relations. According to the theoretical basics, the concepts, principles and rules of quantum theory in the physics economics were distributed and the use of modern money by simplified electrodynamic patterns of Richard Feynman was shown. The result showed that the subject could be tested through the physics if the system is closed, and due to the limited nature of the creation of cryptocurrencies like bitcoin, with such conditions, this currency can supply the borderless economics with a new approach with infinite probabilities in the quantum paradigm. Furthermore, given the structure of cryptocurrencies, one cannot control them completely controlled and it is better to rewrite the rules for the creation, release and uses of cryptocurrencies

Terrorism has been considered as a challenge with serious effect in the world as a result of instability, corruption and lack of democracy in most countries. Confronting this phenomenon requires recognizing its roots to find possible solutions. This study aims to examine the effect of some actual factors which causes the terrorism in short and long run. To this end, investigation has been conducted using statistical and regression methods using the data obtained from the 17 MENA countries. Findings indicate that in the long run, political stability and corruption controlling have a negative effect on the number of terrorist attacks, but democracy has no significant effect on terrorism. Morover, in the short term, there is also an inverse relationship between the number of terrorist attacks with political stability and corruption controlling, but unfortunately, democracy has a positive and significant effect on the number of terrorist attacks in the selected countries.