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Realist fiction, which had a pivotal place in 19th. Century literature, has lost its central position in the contemporary literary scene as modernism, postmodernism and poststructuralism have raised some serious challenges against it, advocating experimentalism in fiction, instead. Still, in our age, when globalization and capitalism breed different forms of marginalizations and injustices in societies, it is the realist fiction that better than any other form can depict the struggles and pains of these marginalized lives. Thus, realist fiction deserves to be considered a major genre of our time rather than a second-rater. This paper attempts to investigate into the present state of realist fiction in the literary scene, and it argues that, with the significant theoretical backing from the postpositivist realist critics, it can move toward reclaiming its position in literature today. Postpositivist realists base their defense of realist fiction on the notion that the representation of reality, identity and experience in realist fiction, in spite of being theory-mediated and affected by ideologies and discourses, is possible, as these objects of representation are real and important for being real. The paper maintains that the postpositivist support can favorably affect the present place of realist fiction. Still, the rightful realist fiction of our time, in tune with the developments in the theories of knowledge and fiction, unlike the 19th. century realist fiction, has patches of experimentalism, while keeping its realistic ethos, which further indicates that the contemporary fiction is the fiction of an era affected by postpositivist realist concepts.

Truth and knowledge are essentially the dictates of some rationality or metaphysical ordainment. By sense experience man is capable of accounting for his past, contemplate his life and predict his future and all of reality, for traditional Africa, however (as is the case with most native societies), there is another mode of knowing beyond man’s immediate capacity in search of truth and reality. An analysis of this perception indicates that there is some metaphysical tinge to epistemology or knowledge claims—whether in the spheres of justice, morality/ethics, religion, political authority, prosperity, law, or ontology/world-view. Put on a plain pedestal: Isn’t there an African mode of knowing? By the study among the Afemai-Etsako of Southern Nigeria, this article tersely adumbrates the scope and nature of knowledge and discovers that, beside the common routes to it (experience and reason), the gamut of knowledge among the traditional Africans also have several metaphysical strands reducible to creative determinism, reactive interference, and representativeness in timing and naming.

Reduction is a concept first introduced by Descartes in explaining his view of the rationalization of philosophy through mathematics. He seeks to consider length, breadth, and depth for phenomena so that reducing the phenomenon to his own analytical geometric apparatus; thus shrinking the whole world into a small machine. In the present study, the authors took into account the deficiency in defining the reduction of phenomena to a mathematically sound system as the reason for a large group of problems and therefore they came to redefine the Cartesian reductionism of phenomena by removing the search space through a learning system. In due definition, it is possible to reduce the NP problems to P space without using a quantum algorithm that requires a quantum computer to exist. The present study points out that the problems arising from the mathematical modeling of the Covid-19 pandemic are due to a deficiency in the definition of Cartesian reduction, which leads to an increase in the computational complexity of its diagnosis and treatment using computational tools.

The present research was designed to investigate the relationship between God Attachment Styles with Tendency to Drugs among Students. This study is descriptive and correlational. The population of this research includes all the high school boy students in Karaj city in the academic year of 2016-2017, which included 15000 students. Based on the Krejcie and Morgan table, the number of the sample was determined as 375 individuals, which were selected through a multistage cluster sampling. The data collection was performed through the addiction potential scale of Weed et al., (APS) (1992) and the god attachment questionnaire. For analyzing the data, Pearson correlation and multiple regression methods were used, and the data were analyzed by using SPSS v. 17. Findings showed that in families of 14.4% of the individuals, there is an addiction background, and in 85/6% there is no addiction background in the family. The correlation results showed that the components of God attachment have a negative and significant relationship with the tendency to addiction, and affection multiple regression explain components of God attachment have predicted the tendency to addiction in students. Regarding the importance of the role of God attachment in drug tendency among students, the results of the present study can be useful in planning and making appropriate policies for the purpose of promoting educational programs to families and their wards.

The aim of this study was to investigate the role of social anxiety in predicting academic self-efficacy of female high school students in Zanjan. The research method was descriptive-correlational and its statistical population included all female high school students who were studying in 2021 and the sample size was 70 people, which were selected by convenience sampling. Scherer’s academic self-efficacy questionnaire and adolescents' social anxiety questionnaire were used to collect data. Pearson correlation analysis and multivariate regression were used to analyze the data. The results showed that there was a significant negative relationship between social anxiety (R = -0.563) and academic self-efficacy (P <0.001). Also, the results of regression analysis showed that the predictor (independent) variable of social anxiety has the ability to predict (criterion variable) students' academic self-efficacy. In summary, it can be inferred from the result of this research that social anxiety has a significant relationship with academic self-efficacy.

The present study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of parenting skills training based on a solution-oriented approach to internalization disorders in preschool children in District 4 of Isfahan. The research method is quasi-experimental and based on a pre-test-post-test design with a control group. To conduct the research, first one area was randomly selected from the six education districts of Isfahan and then two schools were selected as available. After completing the Children Behavior Checklist Questionnaire - Parent Form (CBCL) by parents, 30 couples of parents who reported the most internalization disorders from their children and met the inclusion criteria were selected and asked to participate voluntarily. Cooperation was requested in the training sessions. These numbers were randomly divided into two groups of 15 pairs of experiments and controls. The parents of the experimental group received parenting skills training based on the solution-oriented approach in 6 sessions of 90 minutes. At the end of the sessions, all samples, both experimental and control, who had not received any training, underwent post-test (again, the children-behavioral checklist completed the parent form). Mann-Whitney and Wilcoxon tests were used to analyze the data. Based on the results, in the experimental group compared to the control group in the post-test phase, a significant decrease in the severity of internalization disorders was observed. The results show that all components of pediatric internalization disorders are significantly reduced. Based on the results of the present study, teaching parenting skills to parents with a solution-oriented approach can be an effective method in reducing internalization disorders in preschool children.

The purpose of this study was to investigate The Effectiveness of Bowen,s style Family Therapy on Increasing the Happiness and Empathy of Couples Referring to Isfahan Counseling Centers. The research method was semi-experimental pre-test and post-test with a control group. The statistical population consisted of all couples in Isfahan who were referred to the psychological clinics of Isfahan in 2018. Using a suitable sampling method, couples who were referred to psychiatric clinics were selected 30 couples and randomly assigned to two Control groups (n = 15) and an experimental group (n = 15). Data gathering tools were Azrein, Nester & Jones's Couples Happiness Questionnaire(1973), Jolliffe & Farrington's Marital Empathy Questionnaire (2006), and Bowen,s Family Therapy Sessions during the 8 sessions of 60 minutes on the experimental group. Data were analyzed using SPSS-19 software using single-variable covariance analysis. The results showed that Bowen,s style of Family Therapy increased the couples' happiness and empathy among couples referring to Isfahan counseling centers. As a result, Bowen family therapy can be used in couples counseling to promote empathy and happiness.