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This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of exposure therapy in enhancing life satisfaction and cognitive flexibility in adults with ADHD. This study employed a randomized controlled trial design, with 30 adults diagnosed with ADHD randomly assigned to an experimental group (n = 15) receiving eight sessions of exposure therapy or a control group (n = 15) receiving no intervention. Life satisfaction and cognitive flexibility were assessed at baseline, post-treatment, and five-month follow-up using the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) and the Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI), respectively. Data analysis was conducted using repeated-measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) to examine within- and between-group differences over time, with post-hoc pairwise comparisons performed using the Bonferroni adjustment. The results indicated a significant main effect of time and group, as well as a significant interaction effect between time and group for both life satisfaction and cognitive flexibility (p < 0.01). Post-hoc analyses showed that the experimental group demonstrated significant improvements in both variables from baseline to post-treatment (p < 0.001), with these gains maintained at follow-up. In contrast, the control group showed no significant changes over time. The findings suggest that exposure therapy effectively enhances life satisfaction and cognitive flexibility in adults with ADHD, with long-term benefits observed at follow-up. Exposure therapy appears to be a promising intervention for improving life satisfaction and cognitive flexibility in adults with ADHD. By reducing avoidance behaviors and promoting adaptive cognitive responses, this approach may help individuals with ADHD develop greater emotional and cognitive adaptability. The sustained benefits observed at follow-up suggest that exposure therapy may provide long-lasting improvements in quality of life for this population.

Israel’s foreign policy at times diverges from prevailing realist expectations, specifically rational considerations and prudence. This article argues that this is the result of what Ernst Cassirer calls mythical thought or what can be called a myth-based discourse that constructs the mindset of policy makers and has made the emergence of non-realist elements in Israel’s foreign policy possible. In this discourse, quantity, quality, similarity, space, and time acquire specific characteristics and, in the field of foreign policy, this primarily leads to maximalist aspirations, volunteerism, reactiveness, lack of proportionality between capabilities and actions, and at times refraining from diplomatic engagements. However, we encounter a state's identity as a modern ruling state which, to gain international recognition and acceptability, must abide by the norms and laws that define statehood. On the other hand, we face an identity stemming from a mythical discourse, encompassing non-modern, irrational elements and self-definitions based on rules that often contradict legal discourse. Relying on discourse analysis, the texts produced by Israeli foreign policymakers are analyzed to show how this specific way of thinking has made non-realist elements in Israeli foreign policy possible.

This study examines the employment of self-praise in online celebrity culture, particularly the self-presentation strategies adopted by male and female English and Iraqi celebrities on social media. Drawing on the theoretical frameworks of self-presentation, politeness theory, and self-praise, the study examines how male and female celebrities employ self-praise to negotiate their public images, engage with audiences, and enhance their market value. By examining posts on Instagram, Twitter, and Weibo, this study identifies prevalent self-praise strategies, such as explicit self-praise, adapted self-praise, and implicit self-praise, and draws attention to the affordances of platforms like hashtags, character limits, and multimodal content that influence these strategies. Further, this study investigates the degree to which cultural norms, primarily of individualism and collectivism, inform male and female celebrities' practice and perception of self-praise in different cultural settings. The findings suggest that as a global platform for celebrity branding and social validation, self-praise is grounded in the cultural expectations and affordances of given platforms. This study adds to the knowledge of self-presentation in the digital era and offers insights into the intersection of self-praise, gender, celebrity culture, and social media.

This study investigates the negotiation strategies used by Democratic and Republican candidates in the 2024 U.S. presidential debates, focusing on how language functions as a tool to navigate ideological divides in an increasingly polarized political climate. By applying a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative discourse analysis and survey data, the research examines debate transcripts alongside citizen feedback to assess the effectiveness of candidates’ rhetorical strategies. Drawing on Politeness Theory, Speech Act Theory, and Pragma-Crafting Theory, the study reveals distinct linguistic patterns: Democratic candidates employ inclusive, cooperative language to foster unity, while Republican candidates use direct, assertive language to project confidence and decisiveness. The findings highlight the role of language in shaping voter perceptions of leadership and ideological alignment, offering insights into how candidates' rhetoric resonates with their respective bases and impacts broader electoral dynamics. This research contributes to the fields of political communication and negotiation theory by offering a comparative analysis of debate strategies and providing practical implications for political strategists and campaign teams navigating the complexities of modern electoral discourse. This research contributes to the fields of political communication and negotiation theory by offering a comparative analysis of debate strategies and providing practical implications for political strategists and campaign teams navigating the complexities of modern electoral discourse.

Aim: The experience of failure and rejection of emotional relationships is considered a traumatic and fundamental problem in patients with bipolar disorder. This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of intervention based on coping with emotional failure in promoting distress tolerance of bipolar patients. Method: The present study was quasi-experimental with a pre-test/post-test design and follow-up with a control group. The study population included all patients with bipolar disorder in Zanjan City in 2022 among them, 30 people were selected by convenience sampling, and they were randomly divided into experimental and control groups after matching based on demographic variables. The Experimental group received 10 1-hour sessions of the protocol of coping with love trauma, and the control group did not receive training. The questionnaires on distress tolerance assessed the participants in three stages: pre-test, post-test, and follow-up (Simons & Gaher, 2005). Data were analyzed by ANOVA with repeated measure test. Result: The results showed the effectiveness of the intervention based on coping with emotional failure in increasing the distress tolerance of the experimental group compared to the control group in the post-test and follow-up stages (P <0.01). Conclusion: The present protocol can facilitate the process of coping with emotional failure and managing its consequences by dealing with transdiagnostic factors such as emotional avoidance, rumination, and other factors. In addition to reducing the likelihood of recurrence or exacerbation of the disorder, it can be used as one of the adjuvant, supportive, and rehabilitation interventions along with drug therapies to rehabilitate and improve their quality of life.

Introduction: Mobile phone addiction with negative psychological consequences is influenced by academic and family problems. The present study aimed to determine the mediating role of academic procrastination in the relationship between original family health and mobile phone addiction in high school female students. Method: The study employed a descriptive-correlational research approach utilizing a structural equation model. The statistical population of this research was all female students in the second year of high school in District 6 of Tehran. Among them, 200 students were recruited by random multi-stage cluster sampling, and they completed the Family of Origin Scale (1985) Academic Procrastination Scale (2000), and Mobile Phone Addiction Scale (2014). The collected data were analyzed using SPSS.21 and Amos.23 software according to the structural equation model. Findings: Results indicated a significant direct negative impact of family health (β = -0.51, p < 0.001) and a direct positive effect of academic procrastination (β = -0.58, p < 0.001) on students' mobile phone addiction. Furthermore, academic procrastination was found to act as a mediator in the association between family health and mobile phone addiction (β = -0.16, p < 0.001). Conclusion: The model demonstrated a strong fit. The mediating role of academic procrastination in the relationship between original family health and mobile phone addiction is a good model for explaining mental injuries and applying it in the field of preventing academic and behavioral problems in students.