سوسن لایی

The general aim of the present research was to identify and prioritize the components of blended learning in elementary schools. This mixed-method research is of sequential exploratory type. In the qualitative stage, the content analysis method was used while in the quantitative stage, the descriptive survey was applied. Participants of the qualitative part were professors of educational sciences, fifteen of whom were selected for interview in a targeted manner. In vivo, coding was used for data analysis. Finally over 150 indicators and 6 main components (1- tools, 2- contents, 3- teaching method, 4-design, 5-evaluation, and 6- learning theories) were achieved. The research community of the quantitative part included all headmasters and head teachers, experts, and teachers of elementary schools in west Islamabad, in 2017-2018 academic year. Out of 650 individuals, 242 individual were selected through a stratified random sampling method with Morgan table. A questionnaire was designed and distributed based on the findings whose face validity was confirmed by the professors with the reliability of 0.87.  For descriptive analysis, the central and dispersion parameters were used, and for inferential analysis, the Smirnov test, Friedman test were applied using SPSS & LISREL. In addition to confirming and explaining the components, the findings showed that the internal correlation between the six components of the blended learning education is positive and meaningful, meaning that the application and promotion of each component in a combination allows the application, enhancement and strengthening of the other components.

Purpose : The present research was conducted with the aim of investigating the relationship between problem solving skills with self-efficacy and social adjustment of Kermanshah female students. Methodology : This research in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was cross-sectional from type of correlational. The study population was female high school students in Kermanshah city in the 2021-2 academic year with number 4100 people, that the sample size based on Krejcie and Morgan table was estimated 350 people who were selected by cluster method. Data were collected with using the problem solving skills inventory (Hepner and Patterson, 1982), self-efficacy scale (Scherer et al., 1982) and social adjustment subscale in adjustment inventory (Sinha & Singh, 1993) and their face validity was confirmed by experts and their reliability was determined by Cronbach's alpha method were obtained 0/80, 0.82 and 0.87, respectively. To analyze the data were used from the methods of Pearson correlation coefficients and multiple regression with enter model in SPSS software. Finding : The findings showed that problem solving skills and its dimension including problem solving confidence, approach-avoidance style and personal control had a positive and significant correlation with self-efficacy and social adjustment of female students. Also, the findings showed that the dimensions of problem solving skills were able to significantly predict the self-efficacy and social adjustment of female students (P<0.001). Conclusion : The results indicated the effective role of problem solving skills in predicting self-efficacy and social adjustment of female students. Therefore, education system specialists and planners to improve their self-efficacy and social adjustment can promote their problem-solving skills.

Improving the quality of education and empowering students are important issues in educational systems, and it is necessary to identify influential factors for them. One of the factors that can help improve the educational system is enhancing resilience in schools. Resilient schools are those that create conditions for students and teachers to be able to respond to the challenges of school and community and help them achieve educational goals in difficult conditions, by providing necessary space and educational facilities. Therefore, the present article aims in identifying the dimensions and components of resilient schools to present a related model. In this regard, a qualitative method based on the grounded theory approach is used. The statistical population of this research includes faculty members, psychology specialists, and school principals in Kurdistan province. A purposeful sampling method is used to select the sample based on the saturation rule by using sixteen interviews, and for more assurance, it is continued up to twenty interviews. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews and data analysis was done through open, axial, and selective coding methods. The findings indicate that causal conditions (development of student’s abilities, establishing proper communication with students, learning life skills, and improving the status of teachers) through the central phenomenon (resilient schools) influence the strategies for achieving resilient schools. These strategies include making the educational environment happy, developing parents’ participation, providing extra-curricular activities, appropriateness of curriculum content, supporting teachers, making the curriculum content applicable, and instruction. Some intervening conditions (salary and benefits, recruitment and selection of human power, and decentralization) as well as contextual conditions (facilities, leadership, and teaching-learning processes) influence these strategies. Finally, the consequences of these strategies and their impact include mental health, self-awareness, cooperation, participation, and promotion of general health.