Assessment and Research in Applied Counseling (سنجش و پژوهش در مشاوره کاربردی سابق)

Background and Aim: attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder or ADHD is one of the most common problems of children and adolescents and the reason for referral to psychiatrists and psychologists. Therefore, the aim of this research was to the effectiveness of parent-child interaction training on behavioural problems and aggression of children with ADHD symptoms. Methods: In terms of the purpose, the current research design was of an applied type and in terms of the method of conducting it, it was a quasi-experimental research with a pre-test, post-test and two-month follow-up plan with the experimental and control groups. The statistical population of this study consisted of 6-10-year-old children with ADHD who were referred to a private counselling centre in the 10th district of Tehran in 1401. An available sampling method was used for sampling, and 30 people were selected, and 15 people were equally assigned to the experimental group and 15 people to the control group. In this research, the tools used included Achenbach's Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), and Buss & Perry's (1992) Aggression Questionnaire. Parent-child interaction therapy was performed according to McNeil & Hembree-Kigin's (2010) protocol on the experimental group, but the control group did not receive any intervention. Statistical data was analyzed with spss software and using analysis of variance with repeated measurements, and Bonferroni's post hoc test was used to check the stability of the effects of the interventions. Results: F values were calculated for behavioural problems (F = 7.63) and aggression (F = 10.74). It can be concluded that the effect of the group membership factor, or in other words, the treatment of parent-child interaction, has led to a significant decrease in dependent variables (p<0.01). The results of Benferroni's post hoc test indicate that the effect of parent-child interaction therapy on behavioural problems and aggression of children with ADHD was stable. Conclusion: It can be concluded that parent-child interaction training was effective on behavioural problems and aggression of children with ADHD symptoms, and this effect was stable.

Background and Aim: It is natural for differences and conflicts to arise between husband and wife. Due to the nature of spouses' activities, it sometimes happens that differences of opinion occur or needs are not met; As a result, spouses feel angry, disappointed and unhappy towards each other. The current research aimed to determine the effectiveness of strength-based counseling on the tendency toward marital infidelity and self-compassion of conflicted couples. Methods: In terms of purpose, the current research was of the applied type and the method of conducting it was quasi-experimental with a pre-test and post-test design with an experimental group and a control group and a three-month follow-up period. The statistical population of the research included all couples referring to a private counseling center in District 10 of Tehran. For sampling, 30 couples were selected and randomly assigned to two experimental groups (15 couples) and a control group (15 couples) using the available sampling method. In this research, the strength-based counseling package compiled by Parsakia & Darbani (2022) was used. Also, in order to collect data, Neff's self-compassion questionnaire (2003) and Bashirpour et al.'s marital infidelity questionnaire (2018) were used. Results: The results of data analysis showed that strength-based counseling significantly increased self-compassion scores (F = 13.08) and decreased the scores of the tendency toward marital infidelity of the experimental group (F = 9.52). Also, Bonferroni's post hoc test results indicated good stability of these effects. Conclusion: Therefore, the strength-based approach can increase the self-compassion of conflicted couples and decrease their tendency toward commit marital infidelity.

The objective of the present study was to establish and assess the psychometric properties of the scale of emotional experience towards the spouse in 2018-19. For this purpose, all the married women in the city of Isfahan were considered as the statistical population from which 300 married women were selected as the statistical sample using convenience sampling. The research instruments included the scale of emotional experience towards the spouse, extroversion and introversion subscales of NEO Personality Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1992), and triangulation (Dehghan and Yousefi, 2019). The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, mean and standard deviation) and inferential statistics (correlation analysis, exploratory factor analysis, and norm determination. Convergent validity and divergent validity results revealed that the subscale of negative emotional experience towards the spouse was significantly positively related to neuroticism and triangulation (convergent validity), but negatively related to extroversion (divergent validity). The subscale of positive emotional experience towards the spouse, on the other hand, had a positive relationship to extroversion (convergent validity) and a significantly negative relationship to neuroticism and triangulation (divergent validity). Exploratory factor analysis showed two basic factors called positive emotional experience towards the spouse and negative emotional experience towards the spouse. Test-retest coefficients, at a three-week interval, confirmed test-retest reliability. Thus, based on what the results revealed, this test can be used to assess the scale of emotional experience towards the spouse in the married women both in research and psychotherapy.

The purpose of this study was the effectiveness of couple therapy based on acceptance and commitment on love schemas and emotional schemas in couples with extramarital relationships with a two-month follow-up period. In this research, a single case semi-experimental design of multiple baseline type was used. The statistical population of this research included all couples with experience of extramarital relations who referred to the family courts and prevention unit of Dezful city welfare department in 2021-22. After the diagnostic interview and specifying the couples who met the entry criteria, 4 couples (8 persons) were selected based on purposive sampling. The protocol of the couples therapy method was implemented in the form of three baseline stages and 8 90-minute sessions and a two-month follow-up. The participants responded to Yarmohammadi Vasil et al.'s Love Schema Questionnaire (2019) and Leahy Emotional Schema Scale (LES). The data were analyzed by visual drawing method, stable change index and recovery percentage formula. The results showed that couple therapy based on acceptance and commitment increased adaptive emotional schemas and decreased maladaptive emotional schemas of couples with extramarital relationships (p<0.05). Couple therapy based on acceptance and commitment has a significant effect on secure love schema, unstable love schema, clingy love schema, avoidant love schema, and non-serious love schema (p<0.05) and its results continued until the follow-up stage. Therefore, couple therapy based on acceptance and commitment as a stable intervention to increase love schemas and emotional schemas can be used in health and treatment centers in couples with extramarital relationships.

Background and Aim: mothering is one of the biggest challenges in women's lives that can affect their mental health. Awareness of the role of motherhood and acceptance of this role by women can help the health of mother and child. Therefore, it seems necessary to identify the components of accepting the mother's role. the aim was to identify the components of accepting the role of mother for married women without children. Methods: This study was conducted with a qualitative method and a library approach. The statistical population of the research was 75 books, articles and theses related to the topic of motherhood and the role of the mother in the years 2000 to 2022, from which 31 articles were selected in a targeted manner and the data were analyzed using the thematic analysis method of Brown and Clark (2006). Results: The findings were classified in the form of 25 organizing categories and 5 main categories including individual, family, social, cultural and economic components. Conclusion: The results of the present study showed that identifying the components of accepting the role of mother can be the basis for adopting educational and support measures for women.

In the field of counseling and family psychology, various approaches have been created with the aim of reducing conflicts and communication disturbances between couples. The purpose of the present study was the effectiveness of McMaster's systemic couple therapy on self-differentiation and marital boredom and intimacy of couples with emotional divorce. In terms of the purpose, the present research is part of applied research, and in terms of method, it is a semi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The research population consisted of all the couples who referred to counseling centers in Shiraz in 2021-22, from which 24 couples with emotional divorce were selected as a sample. The tools of the current research included self-differentiation questionnaire, marital boredom, and couples' intimacy. McMaster's systemic couple therapy intervention was performed during 10 sessions of 1.5 hours; But the control group did not receive any intervention. The research data was analyzed by multi-way covariance analysis. The findings showed that McMaster's family therapy is effective on self-differentiation, marital boredom and intimacy of couples with emotional divorce (P<0.05). It can be concluded that McMaster's couple therapy is effective on self-differentiation and marital boredom and intimacy of couples with emotional divorce.

This research was conducted with the aim of predicting the attitude towards infidelity based on the quality of marital relations, sexual performance in married women: the mediating role of empathy. The descriptive research method was correlation type. The statistical population of the present study included all married women in Najaf Abad city in 2019, and 225 of these women were selected by random cluster sampling and the Whatley Infidelity Attitude Questionnaire (ATIS) (2006), Busby et al.'s Marital Relationship Quality (RDAS) (1995), Rosen et al.'s Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (FSFI) (2000), and Jolliffe et al.'s Empathy (ICBC) (2006) were completed. Data analysis using structural equation modeling showed that there is a negative and significant relationship (p<0.01) between the quality of marital relations, sexual performance and empathy with the attitude towards marital infidelity. Also, the results showed that there is an indirect and significant relationship between the quality of marital relations and sexual performance with attitude through empathy (p<0.01). The results of this research showed that the quality of marital relations and sexual performance explains the attitude towards cheating based on the mediating role of empathy, and the research model has a favorable fit. The findings of this research can be used by experts in the fields of mental health to improve couples' relationships