Sport Sciences and Health Research

Background: Excessive anterior pelvic tilt (APT) is a common condition that can lead to musculoskeletal problems in females. Pilates and TRX exercises have been suggested as potential interventions to address APT. Aim: The present study aimed to investigate the effect of these exercises on the pelvic tilt angle (PTA) in females with excessive APT. Materials and Methods: The current study utilized a pre-test post-test design and was conducted as a quasi-experimental study. Twenty females between the ages of 35 and 55 were purposefully selected to participate in the study. The pelvic tilt angle (PTA) was measured using an inclinometer. The study participants were randomly assigned to the two groups. Then 8-week TRX and Pilates exercises were carried out. The data was analyzed by paired-sample t-test and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) at a significance level of P <0.05 using SPSS V. 16. Results: The results showed a significant decrease in PTA in both Pilates (t(9)= 16.74, P = 0.001) and TRX (t(9)= 9.73, P = 0.001) exercises groups. But, there was no a significant difference between the two groups (F(1, 17)=0.01, P = 0.922, partial eta squared= 0.001). Conclusion: The results of the study demonstrated a significant decrease in the pelvic tilt angle (PTA) of participants with excessive anterior pelvic tilt (APT) following 8 weeks of Pilates and TRX exercises. These findings highlight the importance of these exercise interventions in correcting postural deformities.

Background: Increasing prevalence rate of anxiety disorders in elderly populations especially due to physical limitations has become a key concern for health authorities. Aim : The objective of the study was to investigate the effects of cognitive and physical training on physiological and psychological Levels of anxiety in the elderly. Material and Methods: Forty-nine aged females (62.3±2.6 years) with BMI of 35-49.99 kg/m<sup>2 were assigned to one of three groups: Cognitive (n= 17), Physical training [yoga] (n= 16) and control group (n= 10). The cognitive training protocol included breathing and imagery/visualization techniques, which lasted for an 8-week period, three sessions a week. Yoga practices comprising Asana and Pranaya training, three times a week, for two months. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory was given before and after intervention training. Biofeedback devices was used to monitor galvanic skin resistance and resting heart rate (as physiological and psychological markers of anxiety) in pretest and pre-test phases. The data were analyzed using analysis covariance and Bonferroni post hoc test. Results: It was indicated that anxiety score in cognitive training was significantly lower than control group ( P = 0.002) and also, anxiety score in physical Training was significantly lower than control group ( P = 0.01). No significant difference was found between the two training groups ( P = 0.18). Furthermore, both training groups had lower galvanic skin resistance ( P < 0.001). In addition, physical training group had a better status of resting heart rate after intervention compared to the cognitive and control groups (respectively, P = 0.04 and P = 0.001). Conclusions: It was concluded that the health benefits of Physical training [yoga] isn’t not specific to maintaining physical health, but also extends to lowering the anxiety in elderly with obesity. It was also suggested that cognitive training can mitigate the anxiety symptoms in the elderly while no physical changes were shown in cognitive training.

Background: The promising results of idiopathic scoliosis for children and adolescent idiopathic scoliosis found in low-quality in review of literature in Iran. Aim : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of various types of exercises to improve idiopathic scoliosis in terms of reducing Cobb angle and angle of trunk rotation (ATR) in different ages of children and adolescents. Materials and Methods: Searches were conducted in databases including Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus and Google Scholar during 2005-2021. Inclusion criteria were papers using only corrective exercises (CE) or CEs with braces as an intervention. The PEDro scale was used for evaluating the quality of papers. Results: Thirteen papers were licensed for review. The papers (PEDro: 4-9) showed the positive effect of the CEs in reducing Cobb angle (eleven papers) and ATR (eight papers) greater than 5° and 3°, respectively. Moreover, two papers (PEDro: 4-7) showed that the physiotherapy scoliosis specific exercises (PSSE) were more effective than the general exercises (GE), while no paper was found to compare one PSSE to another. Two papers (PEDro: 6-9) indicated the greater effectiveness of CEs in childhood than adolescence. Conclusion: The relative evidence suggested the effect of CEs on improving idiopathic scoliosis, especially in children. However, it seems that the use of SEAS and Schroth methods, depending on the individual nature, can be more effective. High-quality papers are necessary to achieve more accurate results in the future.

Background: Low back pain is a common debilitating condition and a major clinical and socio-economic problem in the most industrialized and non-industrialized countries. Aim : The aim of this study was to compare the effect of motor control exercises and PNF exercises on postural control, strength, endurance and proprioception in women with chronic non-specific low back pain. Materials and Methods: Forty-five women with non-specific chronic low back pain selected by convenience sampling and randomly divided into three groups of 15 (motor control exercises, PNF exercises, and control group). The pre-test included posture control, flexor and extensor muscle strength of the trunk, trunk muscle endurance, and proprioception using Y balance, dynamometer, McGill, and Goniometer tests, respectively. The subjects of the experimental groups performed the training program for 8 weeks under the supervision of the instructor and according to the training protocol. Then, the post-test was performed. Paired t-test and analysis of covariance at the significance level of 0.05 were used to collect data. Results: The results showed that motor control and PNF exercises improved proprioception, postural control, endurance, and strength of trunk flexor and extensor muscles in women with non-specific chronic low back pain (α≤0.05). The results also showed that there was no significant difference between the effects of motor control and PNF exercises on proprioception, postural control, flexor muscle endurance, and extensor muscle strength (α≥0.05). Discussion: Motor control and PNF exercises are effective in improving the proprioception, postural control, endurance, and strength of flexor and extensor muscles of the trunk with non-specific chronic low back pain, and both training methods are effective in treating chronic non-specific low back pain.

Background : Chronic low back pain (LBP) is one of the most frequent causes of disability in women. Aim: The main purpose of the current study was to compare the effects of yoga, TRX, and exercise-related combination programs on pain and lordosis in women with increased lordosis and LBP. Materials and Methods: In this study, 40 women based on the study's criteria were included in the pre-intervention assessments and randomly divided into three experimental groups (yoga, TRX, and exercise-related combination programs) and control group. At this stage, the lordosis angle of participants was measured using a flexible ruler, and their pain was also measured via the Oswestry Disability Index. Furthermore, the experimental groups performed selected exercises for 60 min/session for three sessions/week for six weeks. Results : Our results demonstrated that there was a statistically significant difference between the yoga, TRX, and exercise-related combination programs in lumbar lordosis ( P = 0.003) and pain levels in women with LBP ( P = 0.007). Also, lumbar lordotic angle showed a significant reduction only in the combined groups subsequent to the period ( P = 0.003). Conclusion : In conclusion, the current findings illustrated that exercise-related combination program than other modalities could be used as an exercise-related treatment method to ameliorate lordosis angle and pain in women with LBP.

Background: Autism spectrum disorder is a neuro-developmental disorder with a significant deficiency in communication characteristics, social interactions and stereotyped behaviors. Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate physical activity participation in Iranian children and adolescent with autism spectrum disorders. Materials and Methods: The research method was descriptive and survey. The statistical samples were 370 children and adolescent with ASD, age 8-20 years from Iran. The international physical activity questionnaire for older children and adolescents used for measuring physical activity levels. Data analyzed by using SPSS<sub>23 . Results: The results showed that 73.8% of participants were inactive during the last 7 days; 17.8% of them were active occasionally (1 to 2 times); 6.5% (3 to 4 times) and 1.1% (5 to 6 times) were physically active. During the last 7 days on weekends, 58.2% reported usually sitting position, 22.2% walking or standing, and 14.6% running or active playing and only 1.1% reported lots of running or playing. There was no significant difference in physical activity levels between girls and boys. Conclusion: The results showed the limited participation in physical activity among Iranian children and adolescents with ASD. This study seems to be a helpful for identifying the patterns and promotion of physical activity.

Background: The traditional approaches to strategic planning in the face of uncertainty of the environment have no inflexibility, and there is no appropriate response to it. Strategic Foresight systems are welcomed by creating a strategy in a highly competitive environment. Aim: The purpose of the study was to explain the effective demographic model of sections quad Iran's sports based on Strategic Foresight to end in 2036. Materials and Methods: The present research is in terms of applied purpose, qualitative nature and implementation path in foresight methods, environmental scanning and survey. The statistical population were faculty members of sports management with associate degrees and higher who were selected by combining sampling. Results: The experts approve the research model with GOF= 0.509. Also, development of academic disciplines in sport for all, land-use planning system in professional sport, per capita family income in championship sport, land-use planning system in educational sport as demographic key drivers were identified. Conclusion: The research model can be effective as a guide in anticipation of the future of sections quad Iran's sports and provided the basis for envisioning the future state and effective decision-making.

Background: flatfoot is a common deformity characterized by the midfoot arch collapses during walking. As the midfoot is responsible for shock absorption, persons with flatfoot experience increased risk of injuries Aim: to the purpose of this study was to compare some motor-physical factors, lower extremity performance and stability index in male adolescents 10-12 having structural flat foot with and without insole. Materials and Methods: Subjects who utilized medical insoles for four to six months were selected in access from technical orthopedic in Karaj. After parents got aware of the purpose and conditions participating in research, their height and weight were measured. In the first day, they were assessed by motor-physical factors test (agility, speed, endurance), lower extremity performance (one-leg jump, cross jump, maximum distance access, walking six meters) and stability index wearing insole and on the next day without wearing insole. To analyze data, paired t-test was utilized. Wilcoxson was used respectively for parametric and non-parametric data. Results : According to the paired t-test a significant difference was observed in the 6-meter timed test. Mean difference was slower in wearing insole compared to not wearing insole. Moreover, stability index results showed more stability when not wearing insole which eyes were closed to significant. Conclusion: According to the results, wearing insole in individuals with flat foot, could slow down the walking speed. However, wearing insole may improve stability index when visual input is not in access.

Background : Excessive repetitions of the landing and jumping task are a key risk factor for lower extremity injury (specially ACL) in female volleyball players. Aim: this study investigates the effect of Sports-Metrics Volleyball Training (SMVT) on landing technique in female volleyball players. Materials and Methods : The participants of this study were 25 female young volleyball players and randomly divided into training (TG, n=13) and control groups (CG, n=12). The TG performed SMVT for 18 sessions, and the CG performed their regular training. Landing error scoring system (LESS) test were used for assessing landing errors. SPSS (version 25) was used to analyze the statistical data ( P <0.05). Results : The results of the data analysis showed a significant improvement ( P =0.01) in LESS in TG (from 8.62 to 5.54), but no significant changes in CG the LESS ( P =0.62, from 8.00 to 8.23). Eighteen sessions SMVT reduced the landing error by 35.73% in the TG. Conclusion : Base on previous research the SMVT reduces lower extremity injuries and the results of this study showed that SMVT significant improvement the landing technique. Therefore, performing SMVT is recommended for female volleyball players because it is effective in both preventing injuries and improving landing technique.

Background: Functional Movement Screening (FMS) is a tool to determine the individual's potential for the possibility of sports injury. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between functional movement screening scores with flexibility factors, speed and agility in male students in Lorestan province. Materials and Methods: 370 male volunteer students aged 15 to 17 years participated in this study. Spearman correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship among flexibility, power, speed and agility. Results: The present study showed that there were significant relation between scoring screen for functional movement and flexibility of the left leg, long jumping, high jumping in 15- year- old students. There were significant relations between scoring screen for functional movement and flexibility, flexibility of the right leg, flexibility of the left leg, long jumping, high jumping in 16- year- old students. In addition, in the 17- year- old students, there were significant relation between scoring screen for functional movement and flexibility of left leg, flexibility of the right leg and height jumping. Conclusion: In general, there were significant relation between FMS scores and flexibility and power in three groups of students. The probable cause of this connection can be attributed to in- line lunge tests, Hurdle step, active straight-leg-raise and deep squat, which are directly related to flexibility and power. Therefore, in order to improve the FMS scores of students, it is recommended that students be flexible and able to include in their training program

Background : People who use Outdoor fitness equipment in parks and gardens do not know how to use these machines and their use may cause them various types of injuries. Aim: Outdoor fitness equipment in parks from the perspective of sports injuries cognition was evaluated for people with hyperlordosis, chronic low back pain, and healthy individuals in two groups with and without a coach and training. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 30 middle-aged women with a mean and standard age deviation (48.96 ± 8.21 years) volunteered to participate in the study and were purposefully divided into two experimental groups (15 people). Controls (n = 15) were divided. There were 10 patients in each group with hyperlordosis and chronic low back pain and 5 healthy people. Pain intensity and lumbar lordosis angle were determined by VAS questionnaire and using a flexible ruler, respectively. The present study was performed for 60 minutes 3 days a week for 12 weeks. Results : After 12 weeks of training with training, a significant decrease in pain level ( P = 0.639, t= 0.481) was observed in the experimental group compared to the control group, but there was a significant difference in lumbar lordosis ( P = -1.246), t= 0.235) users were not observed. Discussion and Conclusion : The results of this study showed that working with Park Sports Equipment with the presence of a coach and proper training reduces back pain in users with chronic low back pain and develops the general health of users of these devices.

Background: Community-based rehabilitation is a multi-dimensional approach to improve the function and quality of life to mentally ill people. Aim: This study examined the effect of rehabilitation protocol that were the spine strengthening exercises on adult mentally disabled men with upper body anomalies. Materials and Methods: This study was performed on 28 educable mentally disabled with the age range of 30-45. These subjects had positional hyperkyphosis angle, more than 45° and FHP more than 46°. They were randomly divided into two groups of experimental (n=16) and control (n=12). Experimental group followed the three-step training protocol for two months. A spinal mouse and a digital camera were used to measure the deviation of thoracic area’s hyperkyphosis and the FHP angle respectively. The dependent and independent t-tests were applied for within and between groups’ comparisons respectively. The significance level was considered at 0.05, all analysis of study was done by SPSS<sub>23 . Results: The mean of hyperkyphosis and FHP angles in experimental group, significantly decreased ( P = 0.008, 0.003), respectively. But there was no significant change in control group ( P = 0.101, 0.122). The independent t-test results for both variables indicated a significant difference between control and experimental subjects after the protocol ( P = 0.001). Conclusion: The combined corrective exercises caused a reduction in head, neck and trunk disorders of study subjects.