Sport Sciences and Health Research

Introduction: The aim of present study was to determine the effect of biofeedback training on electrical activity of trapezius muscles and range of motion in people with shoulder impingement syndrome. Martials and Methods: In this study, 20 patients with shoulder impingement syndrome in age range of 20-40 y were selected as the statistical sample and were divided into experimental (n=10) and control (n=10) groups. The experimental group trained by using EMG biofeedback for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week. The control group was applied only for pre-test and posttest measurements. For data collection, surface electromyography was used to analyze the muscle activity patterns of trapezius muscles (upper, middle, lower), and a goniometer was executed to evaluate the flexion. Shapiro-Wilk test was used to confirm the normality of the data and covariance analysis test was applied to compare pre-test and post-test. Correlated t-test was used to examine within-group changes. Results: In this study, after 8 weeks of biofeedback training in the experimental group, a significant improvement in the electrical activity of the middle trapezius (P=0.000) and lower trapezius muscles (P=0.016) was observed. In addition, a significant improvement in the amount of flexion range of motion (P=0.000) was indicated in the experimental group compared to the pretest and also the control group (P=0.05). However, no significant difference was shown in the muscle activity of the upper trapezius muscle (P=0.776). Conclusion: The present study showed that biofeedback training is effective to improve the electrical activity of trapezius muscle and flexion in people with SIS.

Introduction: playing the instrument in different groups of society is increasing day by day. Therefore, it seems necessary to pay attention to musculoskeletal imbalances and their problems in musicians. Methods: 90 instrumentalists, including 26 wood wind players (age: 28.46 ± 4.62 years, BMI: 26.59 ± 2.11), 37 string players (age 28.18 ± 7 years, BMI: 24.92 ± 3.60), and 27 percussionists (age: 31.88 ± 6.6 years, BMI: 24.95 ± 3.32) Were selected to participate in this study. Upper and lower extremities were assessed. For statistical analysis ANOVA, Scheffe and Kruskal-Wallis statistical tests were performed in SPSS version 16 with a significance level of 0.05. Results: The results of this study did not show significant differences between the degree of musculoskeletal imbalances of kyphosis and lordosis between the study groups (p˃0.05). Results in musculoskeletal imbalances of scoliosis(Sig = 0.001), forward head(Sig = 0.001), uneven shoulder(Sig = 0.001), torticollis(sig = 0.001), scapular dyskinesia (Sig = 0.006) were showed the significant differences between the groups(p˂0.05). Conclusion: According to the results, some musculoskeletal imbalances in the group of wood wind instrumentalists showed a higher intensity and prevalence. These variabilities between different groups of musicians indicate different physical and postural needs to play different instruments.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between perfectionism and competitive anxiety of group and individual athletes.For this purpose,400 group and individual athletes who according to the coaches were or are able to participate in competitions were selected by stratified random sampling and the demographic characteristics questionnaire,perfectionism scale in the athlete Dan et al correlation results showed that in group athletes there was a positive and significant correlation between excessive worry about mistakes with competitive anxiety (r = 0.19),a positive and significant correlation between perceived coach pressure and competitive anxiety (= 0.24). r)and there is a positive and significant correlation between perfectionism and competitive anxiety (r = 0.26).But there was nosignificant correlation between personal standards and perceived parental pressure with competitive anxiety. Also,the correlation results showed that in individual athletes, there was a positive correlation between personal standards and competitive anxiety (r = 0.22),between excessive concern about Mistakes with competitive anxiety positive and significant correlation (r = 0.17),positive and significant correlation between perceived coach pressure with competitive anxiety (r=0.205) and positive and significant correlation between perfectionism with competitive anxiety (21 /0 = r) exists. But there was no significant correlation between perceived parental pressure and competitive anxiety.

Introduction:This study aimed to compare selected kinetic factors during a cross-cutting maneuver in soccer players with athletics groin pain (AGP) and healthy-ones. Materials and Method: twenty-eight soccer players (healthy group (n=14) and AGP group (n=14)) who take-part in the first division league participated in this study. A force-plate via 1000 hertz sampling rate was used to evaluate the ground reaction force, rate of force developments, vertical-impulse, and symmetry index during the cross-cutting maneuver.The independent sample t-test used to compare the results between healthy groups with AGP. Results:The results indicated the significant differences in the peak of ground reaction force (P=0.023), symmetry index (P=0.01), and rate of force development (P=0.031) in the medial-lateral direction of the dominant limb in a group with AGP. The peak of the vertical ground reaction force of none dominant limb was significantly higher in the AGP group (P=0.004). Conclusion:It seems that groin pain changes the kinetic profile, which puts the athletes at the potential risk of overuse in the lower extremities injuries. It is also recommended to utilize the output of the current study as back to sports index, and the rehabilitation progress should be continued to reduce symptoms injuries up to the proper symmetry.

Abstract Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the predictive role of psychological factors in the incidence of sports injuries (musculoskeletal) of elite male volleyball players. Methods: This was a descriptive-correlational research study design. The study was conducted with 150 elite male volleyball players in the Premier League of Khorasan Razavi province in 2020. In order to collect data, three standard questionnaires including, Sports Injuries Questionnaire (Esmaeili, 2014), Personality Traits Questionnaire (Eysink, 1975), and Competitive State Anxiety Questionnaire (CSAI-2) Rainer and Martens (1990) were used. In order to analyze the data in this study, SPSS software version 23 was used. Results: The results show that competitive anxiety can explain sports injuries (musculoskeletal) in the first model.. In the second model, when the somatic anxiety variable is added; Competitive anxiety and somatic anxiety variables can explain sports injuries. In the final model, the factors of competitive anxiety, somatic anxiety, self-confidence, risk-taking, excitement, and aggression can explain sports injuries. Conclusion: Therefore, it can be said that psychological factors play a role in the incidence of sports injuries (skeletal-muscular) of elite male volleyball players

The musculoskeletal and support systems along with biomechanical factors lead to tissue adaptations in the skeletal, musculoskeletal and nervous systems, resulting in changes in movement pattern. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of tactile feedback along with corrective exercises on the degree of thoracic kyphosis in people with Hyperkyphosis . Twenty patients with postural kyphosis greater than 42 were selected voluntarily and randomly divided into experimental and control groups. In the pre-test and post-test, the degree of kyphosis of both groups was measured using a flexible ruler. In the intervention phase, both groups performed corrective exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and each session for 30 to 45 minutes. With this difference, the experimental group received tactile feedback, but the control group did not receive any feedback. The results of 2-factor analysis of variance showed that tactile feedback along with corrective exercises (D = -12%) compared to corrective exercises (D = -8%) led to a reduction in kyphosis in people with Hyperkyphosis (P = 0.018).It seems that tactile feedback with changes in sensory inputs can be an effective complement to corrective exercises to reduce the degree of kyphosis.

The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of lying on the stomach on the spine angles of 13-18 year old students in Karaj. For this purpose, 105 13-18 year old students of girls' schools in District 3 of Karaj, who were accustomed to lying on the stomachs, randomly participated in the study by convenience sampling method and based on the number of study hours per day, less than 1 hour, between 1 and 2 hours and more than 2 hours placed in three groups. angles of forward head, unequal shoulder, lumbar lordosis, dorsal kyphosis and scoliosis were assessed using standard tests with high validity and reliability. The data were analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and Bonferroni test at the significance level of 0.05. A significant difference was between lumbar lordosis and forward head angle among students who were less than 1 hour and more than 2 hours accustomed to lying on their stomachs(P<0.05). But this difference was not significant for variables of uneven (dropped) shoulder, dorsal kyphosis and scoliosis(P<0.05). The students who studied for more than 2 hours a day while lying on their stomachs had abnormalities of lumbar lordosis and forward head angle. .

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of cognitive rehabilitation and physical exercise on locomotor movement skill of children with DCD. Materials and Methods: The present study is a quasi-experimental study with a pre-posttest design with a control group. 80 boys aged 6-10 years (mean age: 8.68±1.2) were selected from primary school students in Shiraz using multi-stage cluster sampling method and were randomly divided into three experimental and control groups. Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ7), Raven Intelligence Test and Movement Assessment Buttery for Children (MABC-2) were used to screen children and the Ulrich Gross Motor Skills Development Test (TGMD-2) was used to assess locomotor movement skills. Experimental groups performed the interventions for 8 weeks, Paired t-test and analysis of covariance were used to analyze the data. Results: The results showed that the locomotor movement skill score in the groups of cognitive rehabilitation, physical exercise and combined intervention from the pre-test to post-test stages increased significantly (P<0.05). While in the control group no significant difference was observed (P>0.05). Conclusion: Concomitant use of cognitive rehabilitation-related interventions with physical exercise is more effective in improving locomotor movement skill in children with developmental coordination disorders.

Introduction: Adolescents' physical literacy and physical activity influence their lifestyle behaviors and health-related readiness into adulthood. Lack of information about the state of physical literacy has led researchers to examine the state of physical literacy in adolescents in Tehran. Methods: The method of the present study was descriptive and performed in the 12-18 years adolescents in Tehran. The sample was 836 adolescents selected by multi-stage cluster sampling from different areas of Tehran. Subjects 'physical literacy was assessed using the adolescents' physical literacy questionnaire. This questionnaire with three dimensions examines adolescents' physical literacy and has an internal consistency coefficient (0.951) and retest reliability (0.981). Results: The total mean scores of physical literacy in adolescents was 90.04 ± 17.12 and the desired norm was determined with a standard deviation of high and low (107.16-72.94). The results showed that adolescents' physical literacy scores in all dimensions increase with age, also, the scores were higher in boys than girls in all dimensions. Conclusion: Similar results have been reported for differences in gender and age in the Physical Literacy of Canadian children. The norm presented in this study can be a basis for measuring and comparing the levels of physical literacy of adolescents in Tehran.

Aim and background: The aim of this study was to investigate Kinematics and kinetics Symmetry of Lower Limbs during running at a constant speed. Methods: 28 Elite runner (age: 34.75±6.63years) participated in this study. Running at constant speed was conducted by each subject at 2/5 m.s-1 on treadmill while kinematic and kinetic data were captured at 150 Hz and 300 Hz, respectively. The peak of joint moments and flexion angles in sagittal plane were calculated. The normality and homogeneity of variances assumptions of the dependent variables was tested using Bartlett and Leven’s test. Independent t tests were conducted to examine the symmetry of hip, knee and ankle moments between dominant and non-dominant joints during stance phase of running (p<0.05). Results: results of the present study showed no significant difference exists between dominant and non-dominant lower joints regarding the peak moments of Hip, Knee and ankle in sagittal plane during stance phase (p>0.05) as well as between peak flexion angles during running. Conclusion: Symmetry exists in lower joints sagittal moments and flexion angle during running at the constant speed. According to the results dominant and non- dominant lower joints play propulsive and absorbent roles cooperatively.

Introduction: muscle performance could be influenced by physical features of the body. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the body type on the electrical activity of the abdominal muscles during gait. Materials and Methods: Heath Carter somatotype method was used to determine body type. The performance of rectus abdominis muscle (RA), internal oblique muscle (IO) and external oblique muscle (EO) was recorded. The mean and the standard deviation were used for description of the data and ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey were utilized for comparison between three body types at the significance level of P<0.05. Results: The results showed that there is a significant difference in the root mean square (RMS) of EO and IO and the average percentage of that is higher in ENDO in comparison with the other two types. Also, the duration of electrical activity (DEA) was only significant for the IO between the endomorphs (ENDO), the mesomorphs (MESO) and the ectomorphs (ECTO) and its mean was higher for the ENDO. Discussion: According to the findings of the study, we could claim that the difference in the performance pattern of the muscles in the abdominal area during gait is influenced by body type.

Retirement is one of the difficult events. Athletes should adapt to the difficult experiences and heighten a sense of worth. Drug abuse as a negative coping behavior is a painful reaction to retirement. The aim is to identify the factors influencing the tendency of retired elite wrestlers to drug abuse. With a biomedical approach, this phenomenon was investigated. Using the method of contextual theory and semi-structured in-depth qualitative interview technique, factors influencing the tendency of retired elite wrestlers to drug abuse were studied. The data analysis method was coding, done in three stages of open, selective and axial coding. The data are in a paradigm model. Factors such as sexual needs, strenuous exercise and injury were taken as causal conditions; physical pain is taken as a mediating condition, and retirement age and first experience of drug abuse as an intervening condition and physiological need and doping as contextual conditions. These factors created a paradigm model. Athletes' strategies for drug abuse are: leisure purposes, wider variety of drugs, continuity of drug use and finally compulsive drug use. The consequences of drug abuse were initially pleasant and positive, but with continued drug use, it had harmful consequences physically, psychologically and socially.