گارینه کشیشیان سیرکی

Historical analyzes show the fact that in the process of the constitutional liberation and justice movement, a fundamental and key role has been played by the militant scholars. In such a way that they, with their spiritual and spiritual influence, were able to create an uprising against the authoritarian rulers, which later led to fundamental changes and the Islamic awakening in the structure of the political and social system; In the meantime, the ideas of Sheikh Fazlullah Nouri and Allameh Naeini have had an impact on the Islamic Awakening, and this effect has taken place in the constitutional movement in the form of systematizing constitutionalism alongside the Justice House (Edalat Khaneh) movement. This historical course, especially from the last century until today and from today to the horizon of the new Islamic civilization, shows the evolutionary and transcendent course in the movement of Islamic awakening. This article, with the concepts of Islamic awakening, on the one hand, witnesses the elitist ideology and the bipolar theory of government by Sheikh Fazlullah Nouri to fulfill the rules of Sharia; On the other hand, Allama Naini for the first time combined the right of popular sovereignty with the rule of the jurists in the context of religion.

Justice has always been the most basic issue and the most important ideal of man since the beginning of civilization on earth, and for this reason, humans have tried to turn it into reality. Parallel to this importance, the thinkers of every age have tried to explain the limits and gaps and realize it. Because the lack of justice in the society causes the emergence of discrimination, oppression, corruption, and the lack of public consensus, and a society based on injustice and heterogeneity emerges. As a result, in order to pass from this society and move towards a healthy society where justice is based, idealistic thoughts are created to reach the desired society. This creates schools, movements and revolutions. This process shows the importance of the fact that in the process of the evolution of civilization, human beings have always had the concern of justice in front of them and it is not limited to a specific group or nation. People everywhere and at all times have the desire to achieve justice. In this article, while examining the origin of justice in the thoughts of John Rawls and Allameh Tabatabaei, this concept was compared from the perspective of two thinkers. Rawls from the contemporary West and Allameh Tabatabaei from contemporary Islam are among the most prominent philosophers and thinkers in the world who look at the concept of justice with different intellectual bases. But their theoretical output has similarities in the field of the concept of justice. In this article, using the hermeneutic recovery method, the challenges in the thoughts of Rawls and Allameh Tabatabaei in the field of justice were investigated.

Kant believes that war should be considered a last resort with the utmost respect for human life and dignity. War should only be used when all other means of conflict resolution have been exhausted. Nietzsche considered morality as a human structure that has been used throughout history to suppress and control people, so peace is a sign of weakness and degeneration and a product of herd mentality. Real strength comes from conflict and struggle. Nietzsche considered peace as a necessary part of life, but only if it is based on power. Understanding and formulating the criticism of these two important thinkers on peace and what war is and how they interpret these concepts is the central issue of this article. Nietzsche believed that peace is not an end in itself, but a means to an end, and argued that peace is necessary for the development of higher forms of culture and civilization, but it should not be pursued at the expense of creativity and progress. On the other hand, Kant believed that countries should strive towards a more peaceful world order in which conflicts are resolved through dialogue instead of violence. 

The expansion of NATO to the East under the policies of Atlanticism is one of the current issues of international relations, which has a lot to think about for the countries involved in this policy, their neighbors and the international order. After the expansion of NATO to the east, what will happen in the spheres of influence of NATO and the neighboring countries of those spheres and the conditions created, causes predictions in this field; One of them is the evaluation of the feasibility of cooperation between China and Russia with their own special conditions against this action, that is, Atlanticism. After experiencing many ups and downs in China-Russia relations, these two countries have gradually expanded their comprehensive cooperation since the mid-1990s. In the meantime, the expansion of NATO to the east is one of the important political, military and security issues that has led to the expression of common concern. And at the same time, the cooperation and positions of the two countries have come closer, especially towards the policies and actions of America and even Europe. Russia's concern about the presence of NATO in its borders and China's concern about the close military cooperation of the West with Taiwan have caused the two countries to work harder for mutual cooperation and their development fields. The concept of new Atlanticism provides a framework for analyzing security and normative challenges facing Europe and the world. This work and many similar works emphasize the fact that the behavior of America and its allies in the international system has become the basis for the creation of various coalitions and alliances. From the perspective of this research and emphasizing the threat balance theory, when the hegemon country and its allies create threats, or show threatening behaviors; They will create coalitions and alliances. In this article, an attempt was made to discuss the feasibility of expanding cooperation between China and Russia against Atlanticism by using the theoretical framework of threat balance. And the topic of these cooperation was examined according to the concepts, general capabilities such as (population, economic power, military power, etc.), geographical proximity, offensive capabilities and offensive intentions from the perspective of the threat balance theory.