مکان یابی و طراحی معماری کاربری های اداری شهری با رویکرد پدافند غیر عامل (نمونه موردی: منطقه 4 شهر تبریز) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مکان یابی و طراحی معماری به عنوان بستری مناسب برای فراهم سازی زمینه دستیابی به هدف ها و مقاصد پدافند غیرعامل اهمیت بسزایی دارد و سبب موفقیتِ تصمیم گیری در سطح های مختلف استراتژیک می شود. فضاهای اداری یکی از کاربری هایی است که برنامه ریزان و طراحان برای خدمات رسانی شهری به آن توجه می کنند. پژوهش حاضر در زمره پژوهش های کاربردی و روش آن توصیفی-تحلیلی است که محققان آن درصدد مکان یابی و طراحی سایت های اداری در منطقه 4 شهر تبریز هستند. همچنین، در این مطالعه از روش های اسنادی و پرسشنامه برای گردآوری اطلاعات استفاده شده است. جامعه آماری پژوهش 30 نفر است که با استفاده فرمول کوکران 28 نفر به عنوان نمونه آماری انتخاب شدند. برای تجزیه و تحلیل مکان یابی از مدل IHWP در نرم افزار GIS و نیز برای ارزش گذاری میزان تأثیر شاخص های طراحی معماری فضاهای اداری در نمونه مطالعه شده از روش AHP در نرم افزارExpert Choice استفاده شده است. نتایج پژوهش نشان داد که از کل منطقه 4 شهرداری تبریز 3 درصد مطلوبیت خیلی کم، 9/15 درصد مطلوبیت کم، 40/43 درصد مطلوبیت متوسط، 74/28 درصد مطلوبیت زیاد و 96/8 درصد مطلوبیت خیلی زیادی را دارد و همان طور که نتایج در بخش مکان یابی نشان می دهد با حرکت از شمال به جنوب منطقه از میزان مطلوبیت کاسته می شود. همچنین، در این پژوهش 47 شاخص معماری برای طراحی ساختمان های اداری بررسی شد و نتایج نشان داد که مد نظر قرار دادن فضای امن زیرزمینی برای پناه بردن افراد در شرایط ضروری یا قرار دادن قسمت های حساس ساختمان اداری امری الزامی برای ایجاد پایداری در برابر تهدیدات است. در پایان نیز الزام هایی برای جانمایی و طراحی ساختمان های اداری ارائه شده است.Location and Architectural Design of Urban Office Spaces with a Passive Defense Approach (Case Study: Zone 4 of Tabriz City)
Problem Statement: The location and architectural design of administrative sites play a crucial role in achieving passive defense goals and facilitating decision-making at various strategic levels. Office spaces are a key consideration for urban planners and designers. Objective: This applied research, utilizing a descriptive-analytical approach, aimed to identify and design administrative sites in the 4th district of Tabriz City. Methodology: The study employed documentary methods and questionnaires to gather information. The research population consisted of 30 individuals with 28 ones selected as the statistical sample by using Cochran's formula. The IHWP model's positioning was analyzed using GIS software and the AHP method in Expert Choice software was utilized to assess the impact of architectural design indicators on office spaces within the sample. Innovation: The research findings revealed that from among the 4 regions of Tabriz municipality, 3% exhibited very low desirability, 15.9% had low desirability, 43.40% demonstrated moderate desirability, 28.74% displayed high desirability, and 8.96% possessed very high desirability. Notably, desirability tended to decrease from north to south. Furthermore, the study examined 47 architectural indicators for office building design, highlighting the necessity of incorporating secure underground spaces for emergency shelter and safeguarding sensitive areas within office buildings to enhance resilience against potential threats. Ultimately, the research presented the placement and design requirements for office buildings.Keywords: Location, Architectural Design, Passive Defense, Region 4 of Tabriz, IHWP and AHP models. IntroductionBy observing the conflicts of recent decades, it becomes evident that adversaries have consistently targeted cities and their infrastructures (Brøgger, 2019, p. 2980). Within these infrastructures, service providers, including administrative facilities, encounter numerous challenges (Chipley, 2003, p. 104). Presently, the strategic placement of urban service centers incorporating a passive defense approach stands as a cornerstone for sustainable security and safety, aligning with the evolving needs and expectations of citizens and thereby constituting a fundamental requirement of the planning and management system for a resilient city (Monstadt & Schmidt, 2020). Furthermore, the architectural design of service buildings, such as office spaces, has garnered attention from designers, who, in consideration of the services these spaces are intended to provide, must adhere to the established standards and design criteria (Heyranipour & Khodakarami, 2015). The 4th district of Tabriz City serves as a case study with administrative buildings concentrated in the central and southern areas, while newer office spaces are situated in the northern region. Notably, architectural considerations for passive defense in the design of administrative buildings have not received significant attention. Materials & MethodsThis study fell within the realm of applied research and utilized a descriptive-analytical research method to identify and design administrative sites in the 4th district of Tabriz City. Documentary methods and questionnaires were employed to gather information. The research population consisted of 30 individuals with 28 ones selected as a statistical sample by using Cochran's formula. To analyze the positioning of the IHWP model in GIS software and assess the impact of architectural design indicators on office spaces within the sample, the AHP method was employed using the Expert Choice software. Research FindingsThe analysis section was divided into two parts: First part: Locating office uses in the studied sampleIn this section, the location indicators were assessed by using the IHWP method. The final location map is presented in Figure 1.Table 1: Variables and classified indicators for locating administrative sites in Zone 4 of Tabriz municipalityWeighting assumptionReverse rankRankIndicatorLower importance = favorable location161degree of user importanceLow population density = favorable location152population densityCloser access = favorable location143Access to crisis management centers and temporary accommodationFewer number of floors = favorable location134Number of floorsBetter compatibility = optimal location125Compatibility and incompatibility of usersCloser access = favorable location116Access to open and green spacesCloser access = favorable location107Access to the communication networkCloser access = favorable location98Access to medical centersCloser access = favorable location89Access to the fire departmentCloser access = favorable location710Access to the subwayCloser access = favorable location611Access to multi-purpose centers (mosques, sports facilities, and educational centers)More resistant materials = favorable location512Type of building materialsMore distance = better location413Distance from gas stationBetter quality = better location314Building qualityLess age = favorable location215Age of buildingMore distance = better location116Distance from faultsBased on the indicators in Table 1, the data were classified into 5 distinct desirability classes (very low, low, moderate, high, and very high), resulting in the production of the final map. Within the entire 4th district of Tabriz municipality, 3% exhibited very low desirability, 15.9% demonstrated low desirability, 43.40% displayed moderate desirability, 28.74% showed high desirability, and 8.96% possessed very high desirability. As depicted in Figure 4, it is evident that the desirability of the region decreases from north to south. Fig. 1: Location of administrative uses in the 4th district of Tabriz municipality by using the IHWP method Second part: Evaluating the influential indicators in the design of office buildings from the perspective of passive defense by using the AHP methodThis research examined 47 architectural indicators for the design of office buildings in terms of their effectiveness with a passive defense approach as shown in Figure 2. 7 indicators, including entrance and exit dimensions (large or small entrance), materials of entrance and exit doors (metal, aluminum, etc.), presence of a safe underground space in the building, placement of sensitive parts of the building in the underground space, multi-purpose approach, and the use of the danger notification system, were found to have a very high degree of importance. Other indicators were also deemed of high and medium importance in the architectural design of office buildings from the perspective of passive defense. Based on these results, it could be concluded that incorporating a safe underground space for emergency shelter or placing sensitive parts of the office building in such spaces was imperative to enhance resilience against potential threats. Fig. 2: Weights of the influential indicators in the design of office buildings from the perspective of passive defense using the AHP method Discussion of Results & ConclusionIn the final section, the requirements for reducing vulnerability through the placement and architectural design of office buildings aimed at facilitating crisis management, minimizing vulnerability, and ensuring continuity of essential activities were presented in Table 2. Table 2: Requirements for Placement and Architectural Design of Office Buildings from the Perspective of Passive DefenseFacilitating crisis managementThe use of glass facades and large windows in areas without proper safety measures can significantly increase casualties and damages due to glass fragmentation. If these elements are used, it is essential to minimize the size of glass parts within the frame and utilize unbreakable, bulletproof, and anti-theft glass in high-risk areas.The essential and sensitive areas of the office building ought to be situated in the central part and on the lower floors, while less critical spaces should be positioned along the outer walls of the building.Protective panels should be installed in front of the building walls to absorb explosion energy.Balconies and terraces on the building facade should be permanent and stable to minimize potential damage in the event of an explosion.The windows should be affixed to the structure by using steel frames, as well as appropriate mortar or other robust elements and materials.Steel doors with steel frames should be employed.By reinforcing the panels of the walls, the columns should be supported to prevent sudden overturning of the building as these walls can bear the load of damaged columns.Large-area facilities, such as multi-purpose indoor sports fields, should preferably be located near the governorate building.The building's entrance should be designed with indirect access in mind whenever possible.The ground level entrance is preferable for crisis management although an entrance lower than the ground level is more advantageous from a passive defense perspective.Reducing vulnerabilityFront entrances are more suitable as they minimize debris falling and the impact of explosion on the building compared to other entrances.Avoid incorporating decorations and additional elements in building facades that could pose a danger due to blast wave vibrations.Minimize potential issues at floor and roof edges as these areas can experience stress concentration and suction during an explosion. If these elements are unavoidable, they should be designed to withstand the effects of an explosion.To reduce the possibility of blast wave entry, minimize the number of entrances to the building.The presence of a pilot under buildings not only creates a safe space and prevents debris from falling on pedestrians, but also provides shelter from the sun in summer and precipitation in other seasons. Additionally, it allows the blast wave to pass under the buildings, reducing potential damage.Ensure proper distribution of vital, sensitive, and important buildings and uses.The presence of filled and empty spaces can mitigate the effects of an explosion, thus reducing the intensity of blast waves and minimizing building damage.It is advisable to incorporate a diagonal or stepped form in office buildings to mitigate the risk of debris falling into open spaces.Curved corners should be employed in the ground and first floors of the Governor's building to effectively address the impact of explosions and earthquakes.The ground floor level of buildings should be elevated to approximately 120 cm above the ground level to prevent easy access for vehicles.Minimize the use of glass surfaces in office buildings.Whenever feasible, utilize green roofs and facades in office buildings.Utilize materials with a suitable safety factor to enhance safety and reduce the generation of secondary splinters in the main facades.Continuation of necessary activitiesEnsure architectural form aligns completely with the structural form.From a passive defense perspective, minimize the creation of protrusions and indentations in the facade and plan of the building.The ground floor is crucial in mitigating the effects of explosions; therefore, the materials used in this part should be more durable and stronger than the rest of the building.When it is not feasible to create a sufficient safety distance (stand-off) around the building, anticipate elements and systems for strengthening the building to address potential attacks.Select building materials in a type and color that maximize compatibility with the surrounding environment.To maintain the coherence of administrative buildings and ensure the continuity of necessary activities, the minimum distance to the highway in the main structure of the city should be 400 m and the maximum distance to the main crossing streets should be 200 m.The chosen building materials should be of a type and color that maximize their compatibility with the surrounding environment.For office buildings, in addition to sourcing energy from the national network, emergency and reserve energy sources should be provided.Natural and artificial ventilation systems should be incorporated into the building.
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