الگوهای شرط در فارسی بر پایه ی صورت های فعلی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
تنوع صورت های فعلی از نظر زمان، وجه و نمود در بند شرط و بند پیامد در ساخت های شرطی فارسی پیچیدگی های زیادی دارد. این پیچیدگی ها بویژه در امر آموزش زبان فارسی برای درک و تولید فارسی آموزان مشکل آفرین است. اگرچه فهرست هایی از گونه های ممکن از ساخت شرطی در نوشته های مختلف آمده است، ولی به نظر می رسد هیچ کدام فهرست کاملی از این تنوع فراوان نیست، و ساخت های متعددی از نظر دور مانده است. همین ارائه ی یک الگوی کامل برای شرط در زبان فارسی و در نتیجه آموزش آن را ناقص می گذارد. وانگهی لحاظ نشدن این ساخت های موجود تحلیل معنایی و کاربردی آن ها را دچار مشکل می کند. از این رو، پس از بررسی اولیه و مشاهده ی ساخت هایی دیگر، تلاش شد تمام الگوهای ممکن برسی شود. بنابراین برای بررسی صورت های فعلی در بندهای شرط و پیامد در ساخت های شرطیِ فارسی، پیکره ای با حدود 400 جمله ی مرکب شرطی از گونه های گفتاری، گفتارِ نوشتاری (چت نویسی) و نوشتار معاصر گردآوری شد تا ترکیب های ممکن و امکانات گوناگونِ نمودِ صورت های فعلی در دو بند شرط و پیامد بررسی شود. پس از بررسی و دسته بندی یافته ها، مشخص شد امکان نمود 10 صورت فعلی در بند شرط با 4+44 نوع ساخت شرطی و10 صورت فعلی در بند پیامد با 4+44 نوع ساخت شرطی وجود دارد. در نتیجه، نمونه های تازه ای از ترکیب بند پیامد و بند شرط در ساخت شرطی فارسی یافت شد.Persian Conditional Construction Patterns based on Verb Forms
Persian verb forms in conditional constructions and consequence clauses are complicated in terms of tense, modality. The various verb forms can be problematic in teaching Persian to foreign language learners in understanding and using them. Although there are lists of possible types of conditional constructions of Persian, it seems that none of them provides an exhaustive list of all variations. Therefore, the objective of this research was to provide a more comprehensive classification of TMA (tense-mood-aspect) of verb forms in conditional constructions from a corpus of about 400 compound conditional sentences collected from a vast number of sentences of dialogues and other spoken discourses, chat communications, and contemporary written texts. After investigating and classifying various manifestations of verb forms in both conditional and consequence clauses, it was turned out that there are 10 verb forms in conditional clauses forming 44+4 types of conditional constructions, and 10 verb forms in consequence clauses forming 44+4 types of conditional constructions: 44 different combinations of conditional and consequence clauses, and 4 types conditions with just conditional clause Therefore, new uses of verb forms in Persian conditional constructions were found.Keywords: conditional; verb form; grammatical structure; Persian language Introduction Expressing condition is one of the important features of language that allows the creation of a possible world that doesn't yet exist, or can exist, or could exist but is no longer possible. The condition is widely discussed in grammar books. However, it seems that in most of the resources in Persian grammar, the categorization of the grammatical construction of verb forms in both clauses of condition and consequence doesn't take all of the parameters into account. For example, in some of the Persian resources such as Jafari (2010), Lazard (1992), Mahootian (1997), and Natel Khanlari (1976), it's mentioned that if the verb form in conditional clause is past subjunctive, the verb form in consequence clause might be past subjunctive, or there is no consequence, or consequence clause without any verb.To study all the possible combinations of condition and consequence clauses in Persian, we examined verb forms of conditionals in Persian language varieties including colloquial language, chat communication, and contemporary written text in a corpus of about 400 conditional constructions out of more than 10,000 sentences. At the end, types of verb forms in terms of TAM and also possible combinations of conditional constructions were found and categorized. To do this, at first, the categorization of Declerck (2001) was used for the preliminary classification of the grammatical structure of Persian conditional sentences. Declerck (2001) refers to four absolute tenses which locate the time of situation in the past, pre-present (present perfect), present or post present (future).Due to the fact that Persian grammar books and research related to this project usually don't address verb forms in conditional constructions completely and comprehensively, this research aims to provide a categorization of verb forms in terms of TAM in Persian conditional construction. Material and MethodsAs mentioned before, the corpus of the study consists of 400 conditional constructions out of more than 10,000 sentences collected from dialogues, chats and contemporary written texts. After examining the conditional construction taken from the collected corpus, according to the literature review and the model introduced by Declerck (2001), two categories were presented: 1- condition based on the verb forms of conditional clauses, 2- condition based on the verb forms of consequence clauses.Out of 400 extracted conditional sentences, 10 different grammatical constructions were found for the verb forms in the conditional clause as follows: 1- simple present, 2- progressive present, 3- present perfect, 4- progressive present perfect, 5- subjunctive present, 6- past, 7- progressive past, 8- past perfect, 9- subjunctive past, and 10- progressive past. Totally, with these 10 grammatical constructions in the conditional clause, 44+4 types of conditional constructions with different grammatical constructions have been found in the consequential clause. S for the verb forms in consequence clauses, 10 verb forms were formed. All possible combinatins found are presented in table 1. Table 1- Classification of conditionals based on tense in conditional clause FrequencyVerb form in consequence clauseVerb form in conditional clauseNumber26Simple presentSimple Present11Present perfect37Subjunctive present2Subjunctive past24Imperative: positive and negative2past1Simple presentProgressive Present26Simple presentPresent perfect 36Present perfect5Subjunctive present3Imperative1Past1Simple past1Future1Progressive present perfectProgressive present perfect482Simple presentSubjunctive present55Present perfect19Subjunctive present7Future2Imperative13Simple PresentSubjunctive past63Future3Subjunctive present1Progressive present1Past1Imperative32Simple PresentPast71Present perfect18Subjunctive present3Subjunctive past6Simple past5Progressive past10Imperative: positive & negative2Future1Progressive past perfectProgressive past83Past 6Progressive past 2Simple PastsPast perfect91Past1Subjunctive present2Imperative1PastPast progressive101Imperative1Present perfect Discussion of Results and ConclusionsThe aforementioned classification showed that the number of verb forms in condition and consequence clauses is much more than what was previously stated in Persian grammar books. For example, in Persian grammar for tense and modality in possible conditions, only the patterns of "past progressive + past progressive" and "past perfect + past progressive/ past perfect" were mentioned. While this study showed that other verb forms in terms of tense are possible in both condition and sequence clauses such as progressive past + simple past, progressive past + progressive present perfect. Also, for impossible conditions, in addition to the pattern of past perfect + past perfect/ progressive past, more cases were found, including past perfect + past and past perfect + subjunctive present.Other patterns that were observed in the data of this research are conditional construction without consequence, consequence without a verb, and use of question words instead of a consequence as the following examples:1- Bale, dust-è aziz. Agar dar kelāshā šerkat karde bāšid-ò nām-etun dar list bāše. Yes, friend-ezāfe dear. If at classes attendance made subjunctive-and name-your at list be-subjunctive-3rd.As it has illustrated in example 1, the speaker refrains from repeating the consequence in the conditional construction for brevity, or simply because the concept of the consequence is clear to the audience. Yes dear friend. If you would have attended classes and your name be on the list".2- Age bege, ci? If say+s/he, what? What If s/he says?Here, question word is used instead of a consequence calause.Moreover, in the corpus of this research, for the first time, verb forms were found in which their tense weren fake rather than real, such as past tense instead of future tense. Also, we showed that it's not always a main verb that determines grammatical constructions in Persian conditionals. The reason might be the fact that in some cases it is a modal verb that determines the grammatical construction in condition and consequence clauses. To conclude, Persian conditionals were divided into four categorise based on grammatical structure: past, pre-present, present, and post-present.
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