بررسی تطبیقی فرایندهای واژه سازی دخیل در ساخت نام آواواژه ها در زبان های روسی و فارسی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
نام آواها از جمله جهانی های زبانی به شمار می آیند و دوگان ساخت بودن یا استفاده از فرایند تکرار در ساخت واژه نیز از ویژگی های جهانی آن ها است. یکی از ویژگی های بارز نام آواها حضور فعال آن ها به عنوان پایه مولّد در ساخت نام آواواژه ها و ساخت اسم، فعل، صفت و قید است. این پژوهش که در زمره پژوهش های ترکیبی با اولویت کیفی قرار می گیرد با بررسی ساختار 596 نام آواواژه غیرعاطفی در زبان های روسی و فارسی به توصیف و تحلیل فرایندهای واژه سازی دخیل در ساخت آن ها و استخراج بسامد روش های به کاررفته می پردازد. نمونه های مورد مطالعه زبان فارسی از « فرهنگ نام آواهای زبان فارسی » و نمونه های مورد بررسی زبان روسی از مقالاتی که به بررسی نام آواهای روسی پرداخته اند، « فرهنگ واژه سازی زبان روسی » و فرهنگ های روسی به روسی گردآوری شده اند. این پژوهش نشان می دهد که روند کلی فرایند اشتقاق نام آواواژه ها در زبان های روسی و فارسی متفاوت است و تفاوت گونه شناختی زبان روسی به عنوان زبانی تصریفی و پیوندی و زبان فارسی به عنوان زبانی تحلیلی و پیوندی در تفاوت الگوی حاکم بر ساخت نام آواواژه ها و تفاوت فرایندهای واژه سازی مؤثر بوده است؛ بررسی بعد معنایی فرایندهای ساخت واژی اعمال شده نیز نشان می دهد در زبان روسی آن ها نقش مقوله ساز داشته اند در حالی که نام آواواژه های زبان فارسی علاوه بر معنای اولیه نام آوا و معنای مقوله ای جنبه های معنایی دیگری نظیر کثرت، تنوع، تحبیب، توالی و غیره را نیز به نام آواواژه ها اضافه کرده اند.A comparative analysis of word-formation processes involved in the formation of onomatopoeic words in Russian and Persian languages
Having been endowed with forms and meanings different from other words in a language as well as other special structural features such as reduplicative structure, onomatopoeic words are regarded as linguistic universals, widely involved in the formation and derivation of new onomatopoeic words. Examining the structure of onomatopoeic words and mulling over their semantic properties in Russian and Persian languages, this study found that the general process of onomatopoeic words’ derivation is different in the two languages. Moreover, this study indicated that typological differences between Russian, as an inflectional and agglutinative language, and Persian, as an analytical and agglutinative language, play pivotal roles in the construction of different patterns as well as different word-formation processes, governing the formation of onomatopoeic words. Moreover, the study of semantic aspects of word-formation processes illustrated that this class of words have a category-building role in Russian. This is while in Persian onomatopoeic words, in addition to the primary onomatopoeic and categorical meanings, another semantic layer including certain aspects such as plurality, diversity, hypocorism, and continuance is added to the derived onomatopoeic words. Keywords: Semantics of Onomatopoeia; Onomatopoeic words; Word-formation; Persian; Russian Introduction One of the significant features of onomatopoeic words is that they trigger the formation of new onomatopoeic words. The derived words have the onomatopoeic productive base and create new onomatopoeic words that belong to different word classes. This is mainly based on following the common word-formation processes in language. Similar to the other words in a language, new onomatopoeic words play important roles in a sentence. For example, in Persian, the verb "غریدن"[to roar], the adjective "غرغرو"[ a growler], the adverb "غران"[roaring] and the noun "غرش"[roar] are derived from the onomatopoeic word "غر " [roar, growl] which is the sound of a toad. Likewise, in Russian, the verb " хохотать "[ to laugh out loud], the nouns " хохот "[ laughing out loud] and "хохотун "[ someone who laughs out loud] are derived from the onomatopoeic word "хо " [ha] which instantiate the sound of laughter. Analyzing the structure of onomatopoeic words both in Russian and Persian languages as well as extracting the word-formation processes involved in their construction, the present study indicated the general derivational processes of onomatopoeic words in the two languages. It also identified the governing patterns of onomatopoeia formation. Moreover, this study investigated the semantic aspects of the applied word-formation processes and the connotative meanings added to the meaning of the basic onomatopoeic words. Materials and Methods This is a mixed-method study with a descriptive and qualitative approach. In this study, firstly, the structure of 596 randomly selected samples was analyzed so as to identify and classify word-formation methods involved in the derivation of onomatopoeic words in Russian and Persian. In the next step, the frequency of the examined samples in each word class was extracted so as to determine the frequency of each method. The analyzed data in Persian (320 instances) come from the "Dictionary of the Onomatopoeic Words in the Persian Language" (Kamiyar-Vahidian, 1996). The process of collecting Russian onomatopoeic words (276 instances) involved two stages. Firstly, the Russian onomatopoeic words were all collected from different articles and dissertations that had examined Russian onomatopoeic words (e.g., Aliyeva, 2014, 2018; Tishina, 2010; Trityakova, 1985). Secondly, the Russian-Russian dictionaries were used in order to find out their meanings and functions and also identify other onomatopoeic words with the same root. Results and Conclusion The analysis of the structure of onomatopoeic words in Russian and Persian languages indicated that typological differences between the two languages play an influential role in selecting onomatopoeic word-formation methods. Russian, belonging to the inflectional and agglutinative type of language, revealed a greater tendency to attach the suffixes to the productive base of onomatopoeic words. This is largely due to its inflectional structure (60% frequency). Persian is an analytical-agglutinative language; therefore, due to its analytical structure, compounding is very active process (46% frequency) in the derivation of onomatopoeic words. Moreover, due to its agglutinative structure, the derivation of onomatopoeic words by through suffixation is ranked second among the word formation processes (38% frequency). However, the compounding or other related processes do not play any role in the formation of onomatopoeic words in Russian. The inflectional structure of Russian has been widely reflected in the formation of verbs that are directly derived from onomatopoeic words. This study indicated that there are different processes governing onomatopoeic word-formation patterns in the two languages. In Russian, the first level of derivation belongs to verbs, and 79% of noun-onomatopoeic words are made up of verbs. This is while in Persian, the first level of derivation belongs to verbs and second level to nouns. It is important to note that nouns are directly derived from onomatopoeic words. In Russian, the dominant pattern for the derivation of onomatopoeic words is « Onomatopoeic word → Verb → Noun, Adjective, and Adverb». However, the dominant pattern in Persian is «Onomatopoeic word → Noun; Onomatopoeic word → Adjective; Onomatopoeic word → Verb; Onomatopoeic word → Adverb; Onomatopoeic word → Verb → Adjective, Adverb; Onomatopoeic word → Noun → Adjective, Adverb». This study also demonstrated that the greater diversity of word-formation methods in Persian in comparison with Russian lies in the ratio of verb-to-noun onomatopoeic words as well as the diversity of connotative meanings. Furthermore, the ratio of verb-to-noun onomatopoeic words is 194 to 82 in Russian and 123 to 107 in Persian. In addition, Russian onomatopoeic words mainly convey the central categorical meaning of word classes such as doing an action, naming the subject or action, quality, or state, but onomatopoeic words in Persian have added other semantic aspects such as plurality, sequence, endearing, continuance, intensity, diminutive, capability, and the like.
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