ساختار موضوعی اسم فعل: بررسی موردی زبان کردی (گونه ی سنندجی) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
ترسیم مختصات شیوه نگاشت نحوی موضوع ها به شکلی فراگیر که قابل تعمیم به ساختار موضوعی انواع محمول ها اعم از فعلی و غیرفعلی باشد، یک غایت مطلوب نظری در رویکردهای زایشی به ساختار موضوعی است. در این مقاله، ساختار موضوعی اسم فعل به عنوان محمولی غیرفعلی، در زبان کردی، گونه سنندجی بررسی و کنکاش می شود. با توجه به محدودیت های فضای نحوی گروه معرف (DP) در زبان کردی سنندجی (به دلیل حضور ساخت اضافه[1])، مسئله نحوه نگاشت موضوع های اسم فعل و محدودیت های حاکم بر ساختار موضوعی آن اهمیت می یابد. بر پایه مشاهدات تجربی، اسم فعل ها به چهار دسته پادکنایی، پادمفعولی، دو ظرفیتی و سه ظرفیتی تقسیم می شوند. در اسم فعل های پادکنایی موضوع بیرونی به شکل اضافه به اسم فعل می پیوندد و قابلیت انضمام ندارد. در خصوص اسم فعل های پادمفعولی، نشان داده می شود که موضوع درونی هم به صورت اضافه و هم انضمامی می تواند حضور داشته باشد. اسم فعل های متعدی دو صورت را به نمایش می گذارند: موضوع درونی می تواند به صورت اضافه حضور یابد و موضوع بیرونی قابلیت حضور ندارد؛ یا اینکه موضوع بیرونی در حالت اضافه و موضوع درونی انضمامی است. در آخرین دسته از اسم فعل های کردی سنندجی، موضوع درونی هدف به صورت گروه حرف اضافه است و قابلیت بازبینی مشخصه EPP و ارتقا به جایگاه فاعل را ندارد. با مفروض پنداشتن رویکرد برون-اسکلتی بورر (2005 a, b)، استدلال خواهد شد که ویژگی ها و محدودیت های منحصربه فرد ناظر بر نگاشت موضوع های اسم فعل تابعی از اصول و فرایندهای عام و مستقل حرکت هسته-به-هسته، بازبینی حالت، اصل گسترش ریشه و اصل فرافکنی گسترده هستند. [1] ezafe constructionThe Argument Structure of Deverbal Nouns: Evidence from Kurdish (Sanandaji Variety)
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the argument structure of deverbal nouns, and the restrictions on the mapping of arguments in Sanandaji Kurdish. Due to the syntactic-space limitations of the DP in the language (i.e, the Ezafe construction), the issue concerning how to map the arguments of a deverbal noun and the limitations governing its argument structure are important. This is mainly because achieving a comprehensive mapping space that covers different syntactic projections is a desirable theoretical goal in generative approaches to argument structure. In this research, first, deverbal nouns are divided into four categories: unergative, unaccusative, two-place predicate, and three-place predicate. In unergative deverbal nouns, the external argument is instantiated as Ezafe to the deverbal noun and it cannot be incorporated into the deverbal noun. Regarding the unaccusative deverbal nouns, the internal argument can be present both as Ezafe and as being incorporated into the deverbal noun. There are two forms regarding transitive deverbal nouns: the internal argument can be instantiated as Ezafe and the external argument cannot be present, or the external argument is instantiated as Ezafe, and the internal argument is incorporated into the deverbal noun. In the last category of Sanandaji Kurdish deverbal nouns, the Goal is in the form of a Preposition Phrase (PP) and cannot check the EPP feature and be raised to the subject position.
Keywords: Argument Structure, Deverbal Nouns, Nominalization, Incorporation, Ezafe Construction
Introduction
Research on argument structure of predicates traditionally focuses on verbs and pays less attention to nominal, adjectival, and prepositional predicates. In this study, we will analyze the argument structure of nouns in Kurdish, the Sanandaji variety.
Deverbal nouns are represented syntactically in the Determiner Phrase, and this is different from the syntactic representation of the arguments of their verbal counterparts. In this study, we investigate the interaction of deverbal noun argument structure and Ezafe construction, as well as the limitations governing it. In particular, we will examine how the argument structure of nouns in Kurdish should be represented from a descriptive perspective. From a theoretical standpoint, we will also examine whether predictions of the adopted theoretical approach to the argument structure of nouns and its relationship to the argument structure of verbal predicates is confirmed.
Materials and Methods
This is a theoretical study using the qualitative approach. In order to analyze the data, we adopted a generative framework, especially its latest form, the Minimalist Program. Researchers are native Kurdish speakers, one of them is Sanandaji. In addition to using linguistic intuition, the researchers also used the linguistic judgment of other native speakers of Sanandaji Kurdish to ensure the accuracy of data.
Discussion and Conclusions
In so doing, deverbal nouns are divided into four categories, corresponding to their verbal counterparts: unergative, unaccusative, two-place predicate, and three-place predicate. As it concerns the derivation of unergative deverbal nouns, it is argued that the only argument in the argument structure (external argument) agrees with the head D, and finally checks its case as a genitive. The EPP on D raises the external argument to Spec DP that is the final possessor position. This movement explains the genitive case as well as the placement of the external argument in Ezafe construction. Also, granted with this analysis, the external argument is not capable of being incorporated into the deverbal noun because such a movement is contrary to the Extension Principle whereby all movements must target the root node.
In the derivation of unaccusative deverbal nouns, in the absence of an external argument, the head D would agree with the internal argument, checking its case as genitive. The EPP on D, then, raise the internal argument to Spec DP, with the internal argument ending up in the possessor position.
As concerns the derivation of two-place predicate deverbal nouns, it was argued that due to the presence of only one case-assigner, i.e., D, only the closest argument, that is, the external argument, c-commanded by D has its case check as genitive. Then, to check the EPP, the external argument is raised to the possessor position. Thus viewed, the only option left for licensing the internal argument is the its incorporation into the deverbal noun head.
Finally, in the derivation of the argument structure of three-place predicate deverbal nouns, it was argued that all three arguments could potentially appear with the deverbal noun, only if the internal argument is incorporated into the deverbal noun, the external argument raised into spec, DP, the possessor position in Ezafe construction, with the Goal argument appearing in as PP.
According to the analysis presented above, the representation of argument structure for deverbal nouns follows the principles assumed in the Minimalist Program. Argument licensing is accomplished by independently motivated mechanisms of case-checking and incorporation within the DP configuration.
تبلیغات
