بررسی چندمعنایی پیشوند /hæm-/ «هم-» در زبان فارسی براساس رویکرد معنی شناسی شناختی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
از جمله مسائلی که در چارچوب معنی شناسی شناختی به آن پرداخته می شود، مسئله چندمعنایی است. یکی از مفاهیم بنیادی در مسئله چندمعنایی مقوله های شعاعی است. در معنی شناسی شناختی، یک واژه چندمعنا یک مقوله را تشکیل می دهد و معانی مختلف آن واژه عضوهای آن مقوله را به خود اختصاص می دهند. از این منظر، پیشوندها نیز دارای معانی متعددی هستند که می توانند آن ها را به پایه های خود بیافزایند. در این راستا، در پژوهش حاضر چندمعنایی پیشوند /hæm-/ با تکیه بر رویکرد معنی شناسی شناختی مورد بررسی قرار گرفت. ماهیت روش شناختیِ این پژوهشِ کیفی، توصیفی-تحلیلی بوده و داده ها به روش کتابخانه ای از منابع فارسی زبان لغت نامه دهخدا (1373)، فرهنگ معین (1381) و فرهنگ عمید (1389) استخراج شده اند. یافته ها نشان داد که پیشوند غیرفعلی /hæm-/ یک پیشوند چندمعنایی با طیفی از کارکردهای واژگانی است. این پیشوند در برخی موارد معنای واژگانی ریشه کلمهرا تغییر می دهد و در نتیجه یک عنصر واژگانی متمایز ایجاد می کند. همچنین، نتایج نشان داد که پیشوند /hæm-/از پنج معنای متمایز برخوردار است که براساس معیارهای تعیین معنای سرنمون مشخص شد معنای «اشتراک» معنای مرکزی یا سرنمون پیشوند /hæm-/ است و چهار خوشه معنایی متمایز دیگر نیز حول این معنای مرکزی شکل گرفته اند. بنابراین، پیشوند /hæm-/ همانند مقولات واژگانی، مقوله ای را شکل داده است که همه معانی خود را حول یک معنای مرکزی گرد آورده است.Investigating the Polysemy of the Prefix /hæm-/ in Persian Based on Cognitive Semantic Approach
Abstract
One of the issues discussed in the framework of cognitive semantics is the issue of polysemy. One of the fundamental concepts in polysemy is radial categories. In cognitive semantics, a polysemous word forms a category, and the different meanings of that word are assigned to the members of that category. From this point of view, prefixes also have multiple meanings that can be added to their bases. In this regard, in the present study, the polysemy of the prefix /hæm-/ was investigated by relying on the cognitive semantics approach. The methodological nature of this qualitative study was descriptive-analytic, and the data have been collected by library research method including Dehkhoda Dictionary (1995), Mo’in Dictionary (2003) and Amid Dictionary (2011). The findings indicated that the non-verbal prefix /hæm-/ is a polysemous prefix with a range of lexical functions. It’s worth mentioning that this prefix in some cases changes the lexical meaning of the verbal root, and thus creates a distinct lexical element. And also, the results showed that the prefix /hæm-/ consists of five distinctive meaning. Based on factors to determine the prototypemeaning, it was found that among the existing meanings, the meaning of "sharing" is the core or prototypemeaning of the prefix /hæm-/, and four other semantic clusters are formed around this core meaning. Accordingly, the prefix /hæm-/ has formed a category that gathers all its meanings around a core meaning, just like lexical categories.
Keywords: cognitive semantics, polysemy, radial category, prefix, Persian
Introduction
One of the issues discussed in the framework of cognitive semantics is the issue of polysemy. In the field of semantics, polysemy is important because meaning generativity and expansion of concepts to a significant extent occurs as a result of the creation and formation of polysemy. Radial categories provide one of the fundamental concepts in polysemy. In cognitive semantics, a polysemous word forms a category and the different meanings of that word are assigned to the members of that category. It can be claimed that all these meanings are related to each other. The relationship between these meanings can be also justified through what are called radial categories. From this point of view, prefixes have multiple meanings that can be added to their bases. In this regard, in the present study, the polysemy of the prefix /hæm-/ was investigated by relying on the cognitive semantic approach. According to the prototypical theory, it is believed that some of these meanings are better examples for that particular category and some members marginally represent their category. Also, more prototypical meanings are placed in the center of this radial category and marginal meanings are related to these more central meanings through family similarities. Semantic relation is the outcome of humans’ daily interactions and their embodied experiences. Moreover, observations of the world around them show these experiences in image schemas and mental spaces as well. With the use of these concepts and experiences, human beings realize the similarities between two or more processes and use a word with a metaphorical extension in other meanings while referring to those processes. In this regard, Likoff and Brugmann (1988) stated that words occur in radial categories that are placed under a conceptual category, in which several concepts are organized in relation to a central concept. In the case of words, it is said that their central or prototypical meanings are located in the center of this category and their marginal meanings are further away from those prototypical meanings (Evans & Green, 2006: 332). The following figure shows an abstract image of how the different meanings of words are related to the perspective of radial categories:
Fig 1- Network of radial categories (Evans & Green, 2006: 332)
Materials and Methods
The methodological nature of this qualitative study was descriptive-analytic and the data consisted of almost 436 words which were collected from the library resources available in Persian language, such as historical books and books of authoritative cultures, including Dehkhoda Dictionary (1995), Mo’in Dictionary (2003), and Amid Dictionary (2011). Then, by using the criteria provided by Taylor and Evans (Taylor & Evans, 2003), the prototypical and marginal meanings of the prefix /hæm-/ in Persian language were determined. In addition, the authors tried to use cognitive tools in this approach for different meanings of the investigated prefix to present the relevant schemata. Finally, the radial network of this prefix was drawn.
Discussion of Results and Conclusion
The issue that emerges is that, like words, Persian language prefixes, such as "Ham-", which are considered to be remnants of the previous periods of the mentioned language, have changed over time and as a result, their meanings have also changed and expanded in combination with different bases. Also, since prefixes play an important role in a language as constructive elements in the construction of language words and new concepts, determining their prototypical meanings and radial network can be an effective step in understanding their semantic range. Therefore, in the current research, the authors tried to answer the following questions: What are the prototypical meanings of the prefix /hæm-/ and its polysemous radial network? How are the compounded words derived from the prefix /hæm-/ explained?
The findings indicated that the non-verbal prefix /hæm-/ is a polysemous prefix with a range of lexical functions. It is worth mentioning that this prefix changes the lexical meaning of the verbal root and thus creates a distinct lexical element in some cases. The results showed that the prefix /hæm-/ consisted of 5 distinctive meanings. Based on the factors, it was found that among the existing meanings, the meaning of "sharing" was the core or prototypical meaning of the prefix /hæm-/, while the other 4 meanings were considered as 4 semantic clusters formed around that prototypical meaning. Accordingly, the prefix /hæm-/ formed a category that gathered all its meanings around a core meaning just like lexical categories.
To sum it up, among the collected data, 40 and 46 words were used in combination with the prefix /hæm/ in the semantic clusters of "similarity" and "association", respectively. Also, 42 words from the data in this research had the semantic cluster of "equality/sameness".
Finally, the findings showed that the schemata of “sharing” as the prototypical meaning for the prefix /hæm-/ had the highest frequency of meaning compared to the semantic clusters and that was why it was considered as the prototypical meaning. Also, out of the 4 semantic clusters of "companionship", "similarity", "association", and "equality/sameness", the schematas of "companion" and "similarity" had the highest and lowest frequencies, respectively.
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