Crime

Importance of security and sense of peace is a one of the most important factors of urban environment. Therefore, the necessity of security in urban spaces has caused the emergence of authentic theories like Defensible Spaces and Crime Prevention through Environment Design (CPTED)*. In this paper, various literatures related to defensible space theories have been reviewed and the related keywords have been defined. Then, the role of defensible urban spaces as a social capital in the reduction of urban crimes is examined. Further, condition of defensible spaces in traditional Iranian cities has been studied with reference to the city of Isfahan. The research method is based on data and documents collected through field survey.The conclusion justifies the precedent of defensible space, in design and planning, as well as shaping historical cities. Safe and secure spaces which support social capital concept, under public surveillance and collective responsibility, works as an important aspect in reducing crimes hence; bringing about a state of stable urban security.

Purpose: In line with their function to fight, control and combat crimes, governments have duties and powers. One of these tasks is criminalization, punishment and prosecution of crimes. Drugs are one of the major challenges facing societies and the scale of its destructive challenges is still added in current age. The resort to criminalization and the penal combat with this phenomenon has been a common practice of our country and other ones. Methodology: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and content analysis method. In the organization of research, the documentary and library methods have been used and the information analysis has been obtained qualitatively and based on the inference of the researcher on the sources and texts. Findings: Considering the legal status of our country, it is considered that, by respecting numerical proportions (math and Aristotelian) and paying attention to the amount of narcotics, the legislatures have criminalized the use of narcotics, especially minor narcotic drugs, in any amount. Conclusion: looking at the statistics of the cases brought to the judiciary, attention to the number of prisoners in the country, the statistics of the prisoners belonging to this group of crimes, and, on the other hand, paying attention to the community, despite the application of repressive criminal policy in the country, regarding drug crimes, in particular crimes of minor crimes, suggests that this (repressive) approach to the fight against and control of crimes related to narcotics has not been successful in the country

The purpose of this study is theoretical and methodological substantiation, deepening of the conceptual provisions and development of the scientific and practical recommendations on the formation of mechanisms for crime prevention in the border regions of the southern of Ukraine. The relevance of this study is due to the need to solve the problem crime by introducing precautionary measures in the border regions of the southern of Ukraine (Bondarenko et al., 2021).The study proved the direct dependence of the level and intensity of crime on the proximity of areas to areas of significant social and criminological tension, to areas of instability and armed conflict, which contributes to the militarization of the population and increasing psychological preparedness for conflict and its antisocial methods (Iatsyshyn et al., 2020). It is established that in the border regions of the south of Ukraine the growth of criminal crime for the studied period significantly exceeds the data for Ukraine. The threats to irredentism and separatism, international terrorism, organized crime of a transnational global scale are real for the southern regions of Ukraine: economic smuggling, smuggling of weapons, ammunition and means of terror, drug trafficking, unregulated migration, trafficking in human beings and their organs. Priorities for Ukraine have been set task of crime prevention: introduction of the newest technologies of protection of a law and order, attraction of scientific and industrial potential of regions, establishment of coordination and interaction between subjects of maintenance of frontier safety at all levels (frontier, national, interstate and international) and cross-border interaction with the international organizations of fight against organized crime. Based on international experience, crime prevention measures in the border regions of southern Ukraine are proposed in the following areas: general social precautionary measures; special criminological precautions;international cooperation in the development of cross-border cooperation;introduction of automated security systems and crime prevention; informational and educational activities of formationlegal culture among the population and the public

The present research explores some of the most significant aspects of COVID-19 outbreak from the perspective of criminology and from a comparative viewpoint between Iran’s and world’s Data. Describing the current pandemic as deviance is one aspect of this approach upon which an argument arises for explaining the COVID-19 outbreak as deviance from a criminological approach. The criminal effects of COVID-19 is another part of discussion through which relationships between the pandemic and crime rates, and some of types of crimes, including economic crime and domestic violence are examined. The findings show that overall, crime rates have fluctuated in the advent of COVID-19, and while the current pandemic has caused an increase in some types of crimes, but yet, it entails a reduction in many types of crime. Finally, the article concludes that the current pandemic has different impacts on criminality according to the assumption that ‘disease’ alongside ‘crime’ endanger the human health as a whole. Therefore, the main question is how humanity could preserve their physical health from dangers of COVID, and their mental health from risks and unpleasant effects of criminality, particularly fear of crime and moral panic?

Cities, as the focused centers for human residence and settlement, are faced with various issues and problems. The high rate of crime and anomic behavior are characteristics of today’s major cities. Fear of crime and anomic behavior is perceived as the most important reasons leading to a decline in the use of public spaces in cities by its residents. According to the mutual relation between environment and behavior, clearly, different characteristics of urban spaces can both significantly increase or decrease the rate of crime in a city. The purpose of this paper is to identify the physical factors and parameters which underlie crime and anomic behavior in Borazjan urban deteriorated spaces. The aim of this research is to identify, and therefore, help eliminate these effective environmental factors and reach higher level of safety and regularity in public spaces of deteriorated areas of Borazjan city. According to the results of this research, the most effective factors that give rise to crime in public spaces are physical disturbance, functional disorders and confusion of meaning and identity.