Social interaction

  The major style of urbanization in Isfahan has been always conventionally based and focused on pedestrianism. This city whose frame and structure is organized and nearly completed in the Seljuk and Safavid eras, still (particularly in the old areas) is under a system based upon evaluation of the qualitative properties of districts and maximum connection between people  and environment .Though from early  20^th century and the start of modern transformations in architecture and urbanization in Iran, building new and modern districts with central focus being on maximum usage of land to build infrastructure and paths for passing cars, the pedestrians are less valued .Regarding this point that city development and description of new necessities by humans has inevitably new activities and utilizations in definition of districts, by comparing the new and old districts of Isfahan we can significantly come to the conclusion that how each one`s frame work properties can satisfy today human beings' requirements and interactions and what the strategies for their adjustment and promotion are .This article compares the capacity of pedestrianism and social interactions between an old and a new-fashioned district in Isfahan in order to discuss the strengths and foibles of them. The discussed titles are: aim of research and the way of that, reviewing the supplies about new urbanization and walkability, checking pedestrianism in two districts of Isfahan, and the results of the research .The final parts discuss the results of the review and physical position of two intended districts. Finally, the implications will be presented as guidance principles to design new-fashioned neighborhoods in order to improve the quality of neighborhood and social interactions due to the walkability.

Abstract Purpose: In the current research, the relationship between financing and the three factors of the quality of educational services, the quality of the educational environment and social interactions was examined. On the other hand, the relationship between the three mentioned factors and achievement of educational goals was also investigated. Methodology: the method was descriptive - correlational and variables were quantitative. Research was carried out at Universities and the sample was 214 teacher students and professors. The structural equation modeling approach was used for analysis. Findings: The results of this study indicate that financing have a direct relationship with the quality of the educational environment, the quality of educational services and social interactions. Based on the obtained factor obtained in analyzing the results, the most important method of stable financing was known financing. As a result, this study indicates that commercializing of researches and earning revenue from them was one of the most important financing solutions. Conclusion: Achieving educational objectives is one of the most important goals of educational institutions. This is important at the various educational levels; however, it is vital to achieve the educational goals in the universities that educate future’s professionals, teachers and teachers. The level of achievement of educational goals is also known as educational performance. This function is influenced by various factors such as the quality of the educational environment, the quality of educational effort, and social interactions. Achieving these dimensions requires development programs that undoubtedly require strong financing from various sources.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare social interaction and communication in autistic children with the approach of architectural spaces and ordinary centers. Methodology: The data were causal-comparative. The statistical population was all children with autism in centers with architectural spaces approach and children with autism in normal centers of Tehran. The statistical sample consisted of 3 centers with architectural approach and 3 normal centers selected by available sampling method. Data collection was done based on the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (GARS) and Edited Autism Checklist in Toddlers (M-CHAT) Robins, Feln & Barton (1999). Data analysis was performed by SPSS software in descriptive and inferential statistics at the significant level of 0.05 using independent t-test. Findings: According to the data analysis, the significance level in both variables of the study is greater than 0.05, which means that the scores of social interaction variables and the relationship of both groups follow the normal distribution. Independent t-test was then used to compare the mean social interaction of children with autism with the centers of architecture spaces and ordinary centers and showed that the obtained t was significant at the level of 0.01. Therefore, the null hypothesis can be rejected at the level of 0.01 in favor of the research hypothesis and with 99% confidence that there is a significant difference in social interaction between the two groups. Comparison of means indicates that social interaction of children with autism in architectural centers is higher than that of children with autism in normal centers. Conclusion: Social interaction and communication rate in children with autism in centers with architecture approach were more than children with autism in normal centers. As the number of these children is increasing, especially in Iran, it seems necessary to design centers and spaces appropriate to the needs of these children.

The sociability and quality of behavior settings, according to general psychology data, are the most significant environmental values, measuring which helps to assess the success of environmental and architectural aspects. The present study was aimed at investigating the efficient environmental characteristics for the achievement of sociability in educational space. This issue has been addressed by examining the type and manner of interactions of students at the University of Tehran as well as qualified environmental factors facilitating, or restricting these interactions. In this study, data were collected as a combination of three methods of interview, observation, and questionnaire; with a population of students at the University of Tehran. With regards to statistical investigations, the sample size was 386 taken with a simple random sampling, and the data were analyzed using SPSS22 software. The one-sample t-test was also used for data analysis in order to find a logical relationship between variables. The results have shown that all environmental indicators are of significant importance for students in the formation of social interactions between students.

The aim of this paper is to investigate the bazaars and shopping centers as public spaces. Given the weakness of public places and consequently the weakness of social interactions, today’s societies are in dire need of social spaces to increase social interactions. Therefore, the review of these two as then and now’s urban spaces could help solve some problems. Bazaars are among the oldest Iranian urban spaces, which are deemed to be the palpitating heart of the Iranian cities, playing different social, economic, and other roles. Shopping centers are adopted from the 20th Century’s models and are considered as an appropriate alternative for Bazaars for the modern human of the 21st Century. Descriptive-Analytical research method is of the case study model, and Space Syntax Software was used for collection of data by library method and analysis. The results show that shopping centers cannot be appropriate alternatives for Bazaars and can be considered as centers for meeting economic needs. Therefore, these centers could not be considered as appropriate collective spaces and as appropriate places for meeting social and recreational needs.

Purpose of this article is to introduce different approaches in reviewing the mutual relationship between the built environment and citizen’s behavioral patterns in public spaces with applying analytical and comparative methods by using a questionnaire, a sample of 200 members of the audience in two streets of Mashhad, Kouhsangi and Qaranei, by using two tests of the ordinal logistic regression and the Kruskal-Wallis have been conducted. This study seeks to develop a conceptual framework identifying influential elements in regeneration public spaces and in order to identify factors contributing to numerous variables have been studied such as a variety of activities, Sociability, location of public spaces, diversity, and dynamism, impact and effect of behavioral patterns. This article first attempt to clarify the importance of this issue and establish the position of behavioral patterns in relation to the physical and built environment. Then develop a conceptual framework to identify the impact and effectiveness of various criteria. The results of this study indicate Classification of parameters affecting the interaction between the built environment and citizens' behavioral patterns that can be used in the next preceding studies and in various public spaces, especially street, be measured.

By increasing house demand for living, the urban development planning has turned to towers, which provides a platform for the growth of the city, regardless of the traditional Iranian's architecture. Among the vital elements in traditional architecture, there are a variety of open and semi-open spaces such as the central courtyard, pool, veranda, balcony, etc that have been provided the needs for social interactions, privacy and other values among the inhabitants, but it is almost destroyed by the contemporary architecture. Therfore the necessity is to turn social interactions into spaces of residential complexes. Since in the variety of the quality of spaces, the architect has the most effective role, in a branch of interactive architecture, the most important thing is the interaction with the external environment that countless theorists have focused on this. The purpose is to explain the effective components of open and semi-open spaces in the presence and increase of social interactions in residential complexes. The research method was qualitative and based on the experts' descriptions, the characteristics of open and semi-open spaces were extracted and then their impact and interaction on the quality of space were investigated and adapted to the final model of interactive residential complex. Factors such as quality, security, the possibility of the presence of children, sense of belonging to the place and social discipline in different types of open and semi-open spaces, can have an effect on the adaptation of the spatial structure of residential complexes on the more interactions of residents.

Second language (L2) education researchers have recently been concerned about students' willingness to communicate (WTC) since communication competence is considered an ultimate goal of L2 education. This study examines Vietnamese teachers' perceptions of L2 WTC and their strategies to encourage students to communicate inside the classroom. Data were collected from interviews with 30 Vietnamese EFL university teachers. Results showed that all the teachers believed students' L2 WTC inside the classroom influenced the development of second language acquisition (SLA) and perceived their role in encouraging WTC. Also, the teachers revealed that they used a wide range of strategies to encourage students to communicate. The findings suggest that L2 teachers use a wide range of strategies to promote students’ WTC inside the classroom. It might be necessary for Vietnamese EFL teachers to update strategies to encourage WTC inside the classroom.

Despite a currently proliferating interest in the second language (L2) willingness to communicate (WTC), much less has investigated Asian high school students’ beliefs about L2 teachers’ strategies to encourage WTC inside the classroom. This qualitative study explores the strategies employed by Vietnamese EFL teachers to encourage their students’ WTC inside the classroom and students’ beliefs about their teachers’ strategies. Data were collected from semi-structured interviews with seven teachers and eight students. Results revealed that the teachers employed six main strategy groups, namely grouping, warm-up, topic choice, correction strategies, class atmosphere, and motivational strategies. Also, the students indicated their preferences for some strategies and suggested other strategies which they believed to be effective. They expressed expectations and suggested ways to improve their teachers’ strategies to encourage WTC inside the classroom. The students’ preferences and recommendations of strategies reflected contextual factors. As WTC is a context-sensitive construct, it might be necessary for L2 teachers to understand their students’ beliefs to foster L2 WTC effectively inside the classroom.

Purpose: Today, the use of cyber social media is increasing dramatically. Therefore, the current research was conducted with the aim of factor analysis of the extreme enthusiasm of the use of cyber social media in athletes and coaches. Methodology: This study in terms of purpose was applied and in terms of implementation method was descriptive-survey. The research population was the athletes and coaches of Tehran city, which the sample size based on Cochran's formula were determined 386 people, but 400 questionnaires were distributed and these numbers were selected by cluster sampling method. The tools of the current research were included a demographic information form and a researcher-made questionnaire of extreme enthusiasm of the use of cyber social media with 24 items, and the data obtained from their implementation were analyzed with the methods of exploratory factor analysis and structural equation modeling in SPSS-22 and LISREL-8.5 software. Findings: The findings showed that the extreme enthusiasm of the use of cyber social media in athletes and coaches had 24 items in 6 components of social interaction, entertainment, internet unemployment, extreme enthusiasm, emotions and belonging in sports; So that the factor loading of all items was higher than 0.50, and the average variance extracted of all components was higher than 0.50 and the Cronbach's alpha of all components was higher than 0.70. Also, the extreme enthusiasm model of the use of cyber social media in athletes and coaches had a good fit, and in this model, the effect of entertainment, social interaction and internet unemployment on extreme enthusiasm, the effect of extreme enthusiasm on belonging in sports and emotions, and the effect of belonging in sports on emotions was meaningful (P<0.05). Conclusion: According to the results of this study, factors such as social interaction, entertainment, internet unemployment, extreme enthusiasm, emotions and belonging in sports had an effective role in the extreme enthusiasm of the use of cyber social media in athletes and coaches.