public space

One of the most important elements of public space in Stone Town of Zanzibar is the baraza. The baraza is the place where people sit, meet, talk, and even rest. In its simplest form, the baraza is a platform built in front of houses or in open public spaces. Although the baraza was brought to Stone Town from rural areas of Zanzibar in the past century, today it is a part of its identity. The main question of this research is that at the present time, given the formation of new public spaces, as well as the development of communication and social networks, what role do barazas play in the daily life of the inhabitants of Stone Town? Primary research data has been compiled through semi-structured interviews with residents, and secondary reports, articles and books have also been consulted. This research shows that in spite of lifestyle changes and the development of the media, the baraza is still an essential part of the everyday life and culture of the inhabitants of Stone Town: it is regarded as an information base, a place for entertainment, a social unit, a political platform, and a religious base.

This study on Indians in the Baharestan neighbourhood of Tehran investigates the nature of their social integration, and the factors which affect it. By considering integration as a two-way process, this research aims to contribute to the literature on integration, through the discovery of the status of foreign immigrants in a developing country with particular cultural, social, and religious regulations and norms. Based on semi-structured interviews with Iranian and Indian residents in the Baharestan neighbourhood, the study shows that these two groups live in Baharestan without tension. Using the theory of integration proposed by Bakker et al. (2014) as a “two-way” process, we argue in this study that the approaches taken by the two groups of Iranian and Indian residents have largely led to their social integration. The Indian minorities have preserved their own culture and adopted part of the host culture in order to respect the host community; likewise, the host community has accepted immigrant groups with an understanding of cultural differences, and this mutual respect has led to neighbourhood harmony. However, despite the willingness of both groups to expand their social interaction, this is difficult due to restrictions imposed on minorities, and insufficient public space.

Urbanisation is still one of the social themes in developing countries. In China, the rapid process of urbanisation and economic growth bring to people not only more opportunities for creating new life and pursuing happiness, but also the challenge to face various and complex social, economical and environmental problems. Among them some are outstanding, like the shrinking plowland devoured by urbanisation, the withering of village abandoned by urbanisation, the inflating price of house and rent pushed by urbanisation, and the severe-completing and fighting for public resources evoked by urbanisation. While local dwellers are moving out and the out-comers flooding in, the traditional public context is heavily destroyed, and various environment issues are also emerging. Basing on a survey of Ro. Xihuangcun in Beijing, China, this article has made a near analysis on public space, trying to cast light on a model in urbanisation, and to draw some constructive suggestion and solution to this selected area as well.

In recent years many transformations have occurred in Iranian society and women and girls still have a lot of worries about comes to urban public spaces. Also, due to some ambiguities in defining the domain of public space in traditional Islamic cities and gaps in the knowledge related to the Kurdish cities, the main problem of this paper is how we can define a participatory approach to improvement of women’s safety in the urban public spaces of Saqqez city. This paper will exامینe the women’s participation role in the urban spaces safety by Participatory Urban Appraisal (PUA) model in south and north Imam Avenue, Republic Street and Quds avenue of Saqqez city.Applied methodology is based on librarian, documents and field studies. Statistical society of current research was including 200 citizens, experts and urban officials. In order to, sampling method is simple random sampling. Morgan's sample size estimation table was used to determine size of samples. Finally, Data’s were analyzed through SPSS and Excel software’s. It is presented some solve ways in the framework of SWOT strategy. Results showed that the index of city street furniture in Republic street with providing more favorable conditions of women's satisfaction with 29% of the Quds street, south Imam Khomeini street with 18% and 12% were in north Imam Khomeini street. Other indicators also had a similar situation. Finally, presented some solve ways using SWOT model.

The following study aims to present an innovative approach for Design. Participatory Design is the model of direct involvement of different social groups in the design from functional tools to environments, social institutions and businesses. Diverse collection of practices has been developed to support this direct involvement by Participatory Design. People are invited to participate during different phases of an innovative and creative process; from initial exploration to problem definition and defining the problem and creating ideas for solutions. During development, they help evaluate proposed solutions. Participatory Design answers questions about users and their tasks and goals, then help users to make decisions. Participatory Design is characterized as a maturing area of research and as an evolving practice among designer. Architecture as a professional design are social constructs and the way for humans to consider the physical world in which they exist, and as social constructs, both reflect and shape the culture in which they arise. The authors go through the definitions of Participatory Design in order to achieve a new approache in design. various values which are inherent in the social fabrics are illustrated by emphasizing on cultural identity and activity. To illustrate the concept of this approach, landscape design of bazaar in mahallat as a case study is considered.This research will attempt to identify and analyze the local participation, and goes some way to providing practical solutions to tackle the local problems, utilizing an effective application of the principles of sustainable development on both environmental and architectural aspects.

Purpose of this article is to introduce different approaches in reviewing the mutual relationship between the built environment and citizen’s behavioral patterns in public spaces with applying analytical and comparative methods by using a questionnaire, a sample of 200 members of the audience in two streets of Mashhad, Kouhsangi and Qaranei, by using two tests of the ordinal logistic regression and the Kruskal-Wallis have been conducted. This study seeks to develop a conceptual framework identifying influential elements in regeneration public spaces and in order to identify factors contributing to numerous variables have been studied such as a variety of activities, Sociability, location of public spaces, diversity, and dynamism, impact and effect of behavioral patterns. This article first attempt to clarify the importance of this issue and establish the position of behavioral patterns in relation to the physical and built environment. Then develop a conceptual framework to identify the impact and effectiveness of various criteria. The results of this study indicate Classification of parameters affecting the interaction between the built environment and citizens' behavioral patterns that can be used in the next preceding studies and in various public spaces, especially street, be measured.