مطالب مرتبط با کلیدواژه

EFL


۲۱.

Pragmalinguistic and Sociopragmatic Recognition of High and Low Level EFL Learners(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)

نویسنده:
منبع: international Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research, Volume ۵, Issue ۱۹, Autumn ۲۰۱۷ 111 - 124

کلیدواژه‌ها: EFL language proficiency pragmalinguistic recognition sociopragmatic

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تعداد بازدید : ۵۵۲ تعداد دانلود : ۵۳۲
This study investigated the effects of English as foreign language (EFL) proficiency on what the authors of this study called pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic recognition of EFL learners. To elicit the data, the study used two types of pragmatic measures: a pragmalinguistic recognition (PLR) test and a sociopragmatic recognition (SPR) test. Both tests were developed by the researchers of this study based on the distinction made by Leech (1983) between pragmalinguistics and sociopragmatics. Subsequent to the development of the tests, 80 Iranian EFL students were divided into two groups based on their EFL proficiency level: the low level group (n = 41) and the high level group (n = 39). Each participant group was tested on the two pragmatic measures. Pearson correlation results indicated construct differences between PLR and SPR of speech acts. Moreover, independent samples t-test results revealed that there were developmental differences in pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic recognition of speech acts by EFL learners. The findings offer insights to EFL teachers and testers regarding pragmatic instruction and assessment.
۲۲.

Expert and Novice Iranian EFL Teachers’ Professional Knowledge at Iranian Language Institutes and Universities(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)

نویسنده:
منبع: international Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research, Volume ۶, Issue ۲۲, Summer ۲۰۱۸ 133 - 149

کلیدواژه‌ها: EFL Iran expert teachers novice teachers teachers’ professional knowledge

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This study sought to compare Iranian EFL novice and expert teachers regarding their professional knowledge at Iranian language institutes and universities. To achieve the aim of study, a questionnaire was developed based on the literature, the theoretical framework and the results of a qualitative study carried out by Yazdanpanah and Sahragard (2017). This questionnaire was administered to the whole sample of the study who was 200 Iranian EFL teachers from different genders and educational contexts. The participants were selected conveniently as going through random sampling was not possible. Based on the results of the exploratory factor analysis, six factors emerged under the main category of professional knowledge for Iranian EFL teachers. The findings of this study revealed that: (a) Iranian EFL expert teachers have higher levels of professional knowledge than Iranian EFL novice teachers (b) expert teachers have higher levels of knowledge about language and knowledge of language skills and components than novice teachers (c) expert and novice participants of this study are more or less similar in the modification they make in their teaching presentation, and d) there was not a significant difference between Iranian EFL expert teachers and Iranian EFL novice teachers due to knowledge of language teaching, knowledge of teaching methods and knowledge of language learning.
۲۳.

EFL Teachers’ Corrective Feedback and Students’ Revision in a Peruvian University: A descriptive study(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)

نویسنده:
منبع: international Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research, Volume ۶, Issue ۲۳, Autumn ۲۰۱۸ 11 - 22

کلیدواژه‌ها: Written Corrective Feedback types of errors students’ revisions EFL ESL

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This study explored the EFL teachers’ written corrective feedback (CF) techniques and their EFL students’ ability to integrate the CF while revising their texts. A total of 72 EFL students and 4 EFL teachers participated in this study. The data were collected through explicitation interviews administered to teachers and students, as well as through students’ written productions. A content analysis was carried out employing three pre-established categories: types of students’ errors (Guénette & Lyster, 2013), types of teachers’ feedback (Guénette, 2010), and types of students’ revisions (Ferris, 2006). Results showed that error identification with error code was the most frequent type of written CF used by the two teachers in the pre intermediate groups and one of the teachers in the upper intermediate group; whereas, the other teacher in the upper intermediate group used mainly direct error correction without comment when providing feedback. In addition, results showed that although students from different levels undertook revisions of their errors in different ways, most were ultimately able to correct their errors.
۲۴.

Students’ Perceived Classroom Climate and Their Achievement Goal Orientations in an Iranian EFL Context(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)

نویسنده:
منبع: international Journal of Foreign Language Teaching & Research, Volume ۶, Issue ۲۳, Autumn ۲۰۱۸ 129 - 145

کلیدواژه‌ها: classroom climate students’ perceptions achievement goal orientations Gender EFL Iranian high schools

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Classroom climate has been demonstrated to associate with individuals’ various attributes and outcomes. Recent research has also confirmed students’ goal orientations deserving to be recognized as a significant achievement-related outcome. In this line, the current study intended to examine the relationship between Iranian EFL students’ perceptions of their classroom environment and their achievement goal orientations. The study also aimed to see whether different genders held different perceptions concerning the main study variables. To accomplish this aim, 570 high school students were randomly recruited and the two scales of students’ perceived climate questionnaire (WIHIC) and achievement goal orientation questionnaire (AGQ) were applied. The results indicated that learners held distinct perceptions of classroom climate and different goal orientations with gender having a significant influence on some of their components. Furthermore, correlations were obtained among diverse factors of the study scales. The findings provide implications for understanding the EFL learners’ perceived classroom climate and their achievement goals and hence planning the learning environments taking into account the students' goal orientations and the significant role of gender.
۲۵.

The Effect of Employing Critical Needs Analysis on Iranian Intermediate Learners' Speaking Skills Improvement(مقاله پژوهشی دانشگاه آزاد)

نویسنده:
منبع: The Journal of English Language Pedagogy and Practice, Vol.۱۳, No.۲۶, Spring & Summer ۲۰۲۰ 49 - 74

کلیدواژه‌ها: critical needs analysis EFL lacks Necessities wants

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English is taught all over the world either as a foreign or second language. It is taught as a foreign language in the Iranian educational system as well. However, it has always been the issue that EFL programs have been developed without conducting a systematic needs analysis from the learners’ perspective. The present study examined the effect of employing critical needs analysis on the learners' speaking skills improvement. To this end, 128 Iranian intermediate learners from three language institutes were selected and assigned to two experimental and control groups. The learners' Necessities, Wants and Lacks through a questionnaire and semi-structured interview were investigated. The experimental group received treatment based on the results of the interview and questionnaire. The results of the inferential statistics showed that the students' highest mean score was in the Necessities sub-dimension, followed by the Lacks, and Wants sub-dimensions which revealed that the students' needs were mostly the items which were necessary for the learners' use of language. In contrast, the control group received treatment based on the pre-determined syllabus of the course. The results of an independent sample t-test indicated that in the post-test, the speaking scores of the participants in the experimental group were significantly higher than the scores in the control group.
۲۶.

A Putative Model of Transformative Teaching Self(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Applied Research on English Language, V. ۶ , N. ۳ , ۲۰۱۷ 363 - 386

کلیدواژه‌ها: Transformative Teaching Self Mediational Identity Critical Identity Conformative Identity EFL Learning Teaching

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Reconciliating the logics of Post-method Era, Critical Pedagogy, and Sociocultural Theory in its conceptual framework, this study postulated Iranian EFL teachers’ socio-pedagogical identity as comprising conformity, criticality, and conformity-criticality mediation in order to explore and model the different aspects of Iranian EFL teachers’ “transformative teaching self,” probably contributing to their pedagogical ZPD and sociocultural identity development. To this end, Systematic Reflexive Constructivist Grounded Theory was utilized as the methodology of this 63-participant study managing both the data collection procedures, i.e. interview, focus group, observation, field notes, and document analysis, and the data analysis procedures, i.e. tabulation, open coding, initial memoing, axial coding, intermediate memoing, selective coding, advanced memoing, and theoretical sampling. The findings of the study were put into a putative model, delineating Iranian EFL teachers’ transformative teaching self at its core, which can constantly stimulate the teachers’ three interactive triplex identity types, i.e. conformative, critical, and mediational identities. Finally, this study entailed some implications such as updating teachers’ knowledge of mediational identity, professional retraining about mediation, encouraging teachers to achieve an understanding of their transformative teaching self, and preparing them to be efficient transformative teaching learners and practitioners of the model in this study.
۲۷.

The Most Frequent Idioms Used in Contemporary American English: A Corpus-based Study(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Applied Research on English Language, V. ۹ , N. ۲ , ۲۰۲۰ 205 - 228

کلیدواژه‌ها: Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA) EFL Frequency list idioms Materials Development

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As a fascinating and colorful part of English language, idioms highly affect fluency, but they are quite difficult to teach and learn, and they have often been neglected particularly in ESL/EFL settings. Considering the large number of English idioms, corpus linguistics can be of great benefit in prioritizing materials in language classrooms based on the frequency information. Accordingly, the present corpus-based study aimed at identifying the most frequent idioms in English language by analyzing the data coming from the Corpus of Contemporary American English (COCA), composed of more than 520 million words. The study involved writing a special script using Hypertext Preprocessor (PHP) language which resulted in the development of five idiom lists, each containing 50 most frequently used idioms in each one of the five genres in COCA including academic, fiction, spoken, newspaper, and magazine along with their frequency of occurrences. Comparison was then made across the mentioned five genres. It was found that the spoken genre included more idioms whereas the academic genre was the least idiomatic. Furthermore, various levels of overlap was found among different genres. The least and the highest levels of overlap was found between the academic and fiction genres and between the magazine and newspaper genres respectively. The academic genre had more overlap with the newspaper and magazine genres. The findings can benefit EFL materials developers, teachers, and learners in recognizing and including frequently-used authentic idioms in language classrooms and textbooks.
۲۸.

The Effectiveness of Critical Thinking on Enhancing Productive Skills among Iranian EFL Pre-Intermediate Learners(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Applied Research on English Language, V. ۹ , N. ۳ , ۲۰۲۰ 303 - 324

کلیدواژه‌ها: Critical thinking Productive Skills EFL Pre-intermediate learners ELT

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تعداد بازدید : ۴۴۹ تعداد دانلود : ۲۷۲
In regard to recent revolution in the education domain, English Language Teaching (ELT) assigns a sociopolitical dimension to itself in the light of Critical Pedagogy. The present study, in line with the recent educational revolution, aimed to investigate the effectiveness of critical thinking on improving EFL learners’ productive skills. The statistical population consisted of 164 pre-intermediate attendees of EFL in an English Language Institute in the city of Babol selected for taking an Oxford Placement Test (OPT). The participants were 80 Iranian pre-intermediate EFL students within 10-20-year range, enrolled in Shokouh English language institute in Babol, who were randomly divided into two experimental and two control groups of (N=20) for each group during summer 2018 through the non-probability sampling design. Then, IELTS pre-intermediate speaking and writing tests were taken as the pre-test to make sure that they have failed to have a previous knowledge of objective structures. Unlike the control group, the participants in the experimental group were told to apply critical thinking instructions in learning speaking and writing skills. After intervention, the same pretest was taken to the participants in both groups as the posttest to determine the result of gaining the medical aid. Independent and paired sample t-tests were run to answer the research questions. The results indicated that critical thinking is highly contributive in learning productive skills. The findings of this study can be applied in methodological issues.
۲۹.

The Effect of Reading Strategy Instruction on Reading Self-efficacy and Reading Attitudes: A Case of Young Female Iranian EFL Learners(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Applied Research on English Language, V. ۹ , N. ۳ , ۲۰۲۰ 382 - 408

کلیدواژه‌ها: reading strategy instruction reading self-efficacy reading attitude EFL quasi-experimental design

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The literature on foreign language reading instruction has witnessed a significant bulk of research reporting the effectiveness of strategy instruction in improving reading outcomes. However, few studies have investigated the effects of reading strategy instruction on reading affective variables among young English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of teaching second language (L2) reading strategies on young Iranian EFL learners’ reading self-efficacy and reading attitudes. To this end, a sample of 48 Iranian EFL learners, aged 11-13, was recruited through convenience sampling and randomly assigned to an experimental group (N = 25) and a control group (N = 23). Using a quasi-experimental design, the researchers employed an experimental group that received a 12-week reading strategy instruction and a control group that were taught with the regular method without any strategy instruction. The Reading Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (RSEQ) and Reading Attitude Questionnaire (RAQ) were administered to measure the reading self-efficacy and reading attitudes of the participants as pre-test and post-test of the study. The strategy instruction intervention for the present study was based on Cognitive Academic Language Learning Approach (CALLA). The findings of the study indicated that the learners in the experimental group significantly outperformed those of the control group in terms of L2 reading self-efficacy. However, it was revealed that there was no significant difference between the reading attitudes of the two groups at the end of the semester. Overall, it may be concluded that EFL practitioners can incorporate teaching of reading strategies into their classrooms in order to help learners to gain both confidence and competence to address reading tasks more effectively.
۳۰.

The Effect of Blended Online Automated Feedback and Teacher Feedback on EFL Learners’ Essay Writing Ability and Perception(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Teaching Language Skills (JTLS), Volume ۳۹, Issue ۳.۲, fall ۲۰۲۰ 181 - 225

کلیدواژه‌ها: Online Automated Feedback (OAF) teacher feedback Essay Writing Ability Computer-generated feedback EFL

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تعداد بازدید : ۳۴۶ تعداد دانلود : ۳۲۲
Applying both teacher- and computer-generated feedback to foster EFL learners’ writing remains a less explored issue. The purpose of this study was two-fold. Firstly, it examined whether blending both online automated feedback (OAF) and teacher feedback had a significant effect on EFL learners’ writing ability or not. Secondly, it explored their perceptions on the use of the blended OAF and teacher feedback. To this end, this study employed a mixed-method design using essay writing, questionnaire, and interview to investigate the impact of blended OAF and teacher feedback on EFL learners’ writing ability in an essay writing course. Thirty intermediate EFL learners participated in the study; they were given the first writing pre-test, and then were assigned into experimental and control groups randomly. The experimental group was given access to the integrated OAF and teacher feedback on their two-paragraph problem-solution essay writing during the treatment phase while the control group received teacher-only feedback. The results of the independent samples t-test and RM ANOVA showed that the experimental group outperformed the control group in terms of the overall score for the two final essay writings, and also demonstrated a significant improvement in writing scores across four essays during the treatment. The qualitative data also revealed the participants’ positive perception towards the effectiveness of the blended OAF and teacher feedback on their writing. Overall, the findings of this study can contribute to a better understanding of the impact of the blended feedback in enhancing EFL learners’ writing ability.
۳۱.

Self-assessment and Peer-assessment in EFL Context: An Investigation of Writing Performance and Writing Self-efficacy(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Critical Literary Studies, Vol ۳, No ۱, Autumn and Winter ۲۰۲۰-۲۰۲۱ 211 - 232

کلیدواژه‌ها: EFL Peer-assessment Self-assessment Writing Performance Writing Self-efficacy Alternative Assessment

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The significance of alternative assessment in second language (L2) has been widely acknowledged in the literature. However, the implementation of alternative assessment in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) context has not been much welcome by L2 educators and practitioners.  To contribute to this line of inquiry, the aim of the present research was set to explore the impact of implementing self-assessment and peer-assessment practices on writing performance and writing self-efficacy of EFL learners in Iran. To this end, a total number of 36 homogeneous intermediate learners were selected as the participants who were then randomly assigned to a self-assessment group (N= 17) and a peer-assessment group (N= 19). As for the treatment of the present study, the participants of the self-assessment group were taught to self-assess their writing tasks, whereas the participants of the peer-assessment group were taught to assess the writings of their peers.  Two timed-writing essays and the Writing Self-Efficacy Scale (WSES) wereadministered to collect the data. The results obtained from performing paired-samples t-tests and ANCOVA indicated that both self- and peer-assessment activities significantly contributed to improving writing performance and writing self-efficacy of the participants. Nevertheless, it was revealed that the participants of the peer-assessment group performed better than those in the self-assessment group in terms of both writing performance and writing self-efficacy, showing that peer-assessment activities were more effective than self-assessment activities in increasing writing competencies and self-efficacy of the participants. The findings of the study offer theoretical and pedagogical implications for L2 researchers and practitioners.
۳۲.

Accounting for the Discrepancies in the New Iranian EFL National Curriculum from the Professional and Practical Standpoints(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian journal of educational sociology, Vol ۱, Number ۷ (۲۰۱۸) 141-153

کلیدواژه‌ها: Curriculum EFL national curriculum teachers’ viewpoints

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تعداد بازدید : ۳۲۵ تعداد دانلود : ۲۴۶
Abstract The present investigation is an endeavor to scrutinize the Iranian EFL professors’ and teachers’ viewpoints towards the status quo as well as the constituents of the current Iranian EFL national curriculum. Two questionnaires based on teachers and experts’ focus groups and study’s objectives were designed. The participants of the study included 306 Iranian EFL teachers and 13 Iranian EFL professors. The teachers’ questionnaire was analyzed through SPSS version 21 and the professors’ questionnaire was analyzed through coding. The findings revealed that both teachers and professors do not have positive attitudes towards the new curriculum. In spite of the educational reform in Iran and writing the new curriculum and the new textbooks, time allotment, load of skills in each English book, and untrained teachers hinder the new curriculum to reach its target, i.e. communication with the world. Therefore, to fulfill the objectives of the new curriculum, Educational Department of Iran should remove the difficulties.
۳۳.

Challenges of Online Language Teaching during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Process Tracing Approach(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Teaching Language Skills (JTLS), Volume ۴۰, Issue ۳, Summer ۲۰۲۱ 159 - 195

کلیدواژه‌ها: Challenges Online education EFL Teacher process tracing

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Having witnessed the unprecedented prevalence of online education during the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, the present research was motivated to explore the challenges facing an EFL teacher throughout an online English course of intermediate level. To this aim, a process-tracing approach (Checkel, 2006) was employed to unravel the causal mechanisms involved in the beginning, middle, and end of the course. The results showed that deficient technological resources caused the greatest challenges throughout the course, especially in the initial and mid-sessions. Also, the two other causal categories, human and content resources, were at their peak at the beginning of the course and were no longer noticeable at the end of the course. The most troublesome challenges the teacher faced were platform limitations, internet connection, and human resources’ unpreparedness for online education. Furthermore, the teacher’s and most students’ technological knowledge, as well as their media literacy, increased by the end of the course, but some students’ rather slow adaptation to the sudden online environment challenged the teacher during the course. Finally, suggestions were made to prevent these challenges or handle them effectively upon occurrence, especially in developing countries, where the required infrastructure for online education is lacking, and the majority of teachers, students, and institutions might not be yet adequately prepared for the online mode of teaching and learning languages.
۳۴.

Exploring Tensions Between Novice and Experienced EFL Teachers’ Written Corrective Feedback Beliefs and Practices(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: جستارهای زبانی دوره دوزادهم مرداد و شهریور ۱۴۰۰ شماره ۳ (پیاپی ۶۳) ۳۴۷-۳۷۶

کلیدواژه‌ها: teacher beliefs teacher practice Written Corrective Feedback EFL

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The present study was conducted to identify novice and experienced Iranian EFL teachers’ beliefs towards the most effective written corrective feedback types and the most serious errors they might address while correcting students’ paragraphs and see whether there exist any tensions between what they believed and what they practiced through the methodology of pre-observation interview, observation, and post-observation interview. The results revealed that for novice teachers, there were fewer tensions between their stated beliefs and observed practices, yet this tension was more obvious while interviewing experienced teachers. Some implications for language teacher education will also be discussed.
۳۵.

An Exploration of the Relationship between Listening Strategy Use and Listening Comprehension of Undergraduate EFL Students

نویسنده:
منبع: Research in English Education Volume ۶, Issue ۲(۲۰۲۱) 89-101

کلیدواژه‌ها: EFL listening comprehension listening proficiency listening strategies OCSI

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Listening skill, which gains momentum with the increase of digitalized resources in the globalizing world, puts language learners who can make use of listening strategies one step ahead. This paper sought to investigate the listening strategy use of EFL undergraduate students in relation to their foreign language listening performance. 157 EFL students at a state university, who were aged between 18-23 participated in the study. This descriptive study employed a quantitative approach. Nakatani’s (2006) Oral Communication Strategy Inventory (OCSI) was used for data collection purposes. A listening test was also administrated to the participants in order to measure their listening comprehension. The statistical analyses revealed that the participants mostly employed negotiation for meaning strategy followed by scanning and getting the gist strategies. The results also indicated that only getting the gist strategy was a significant predictor of L2 listening performance. A statistically significant difference between high and low-achieving L2 listeners was also found on negotiation for meaning, getting the gist, scanning, and nonverbal strategies.
۳۶.

Experiencing Collaborative Professional Development in a Blended CALL Teacher Education Course

نویسنده:
منبع: Iranian Distance Education, Volume ۲, Issue ۲ - Serial Number ۶, Spring ۲۰۲۰

کلیدواژه‌ها: Blended Learning CALL teacher education collaborative learning EFL

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Years after the first coinage of the term blended or hybrid learning, this mode of learning and its related courses and programs are still widely underexplored in the context of CALL teacher education. In an attempt to shed more light into this research base, the present case study focuses on the potentials of collaborative learning experiences in a blended teacher education course for developing English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers’ pedagogical knowledge of CALL. Five female Iranian EFL teachers participated in the study and were engaged in different types of classroom collaborative discussions and tasks. An analysis of in-class collaborative tasks revealed that collaboration in online and face-to-face learning contexts significantly contributed to the development of different aspects of teachers’ knowledge of CALL integration.
۳۷.

Ethnocentrism and Investment in Learning English in Multicultural English Classrooms: A Study of Iranian Medical Students

نویسنده:
منبع: Research in English Education Volume ۷, Issue ۲(۲۰۲۲) 1-21

کلیدواژه‌ها: Ethnocentrism EAP EFL Intercultural communication Investment in Learning English Iranian medical students

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Medical practitioners’ ethnocentric orientations and English language skills contribute to the success or failure of intercultural communication in the context of health care. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between ethnocentrism and investment in learning English in the multicultural setting of English classrooms at an Iranian medical university. To this end, 200 Iranian medical students’ levels of ethnocentrism and investment in learning English were measured. The findings of this study revealed that the participants had relatively moderate levels of ethnocentrism and investment, and there was a strong negative relationship between the two constructs. Female medical students were found to be significantly less ethnocentric than male students, but were not significantly different from them in terms of investment. These findings were explained considering several contextual factors such as the participants’ linguistic loyalty, intercultural contact, and social comfort in English classrooms. Practical implications, direction, and limitations are discussed.
۳۸.

Using Indigenous Folktales as EFL Materials to Increase the Foreign Language Enjoyment and Learning Motivation of Indigenous Taiwanese Students

نویسنده:
منبع: Research in English Education Volume ۷, Issue ۲(۲۰۲۲) 50-64

کلیدواژه‌ها: EFL Foreign Language Enjoyment localized materials Taiwanese indigenous

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This study seeks to determine whether or not using indigenous Taiwanese folktales as materials in EFL classes could help to improve the learning outcomes of indigenous Taiwanese high school students by increasing their foreign language enjoyment and motivation. Indigenous high school students in this study used two types of classroom materials: A graded reader set in a generic western milieu and then a series of indigenous folktales that had been translated into English. After each intervention, the students were asked to fill out a questionnaire that evaluated their enjoyment, interest, motivation, and self-perceived efficacy. Interviews and focus groups followed. The study found that students enjoyed the indigenous stories more by a statistically significant margin. The indigenous stories were also more effective in motivating students, while students perceived both types of material to be equally effective in terms of helping them learn new words and improve their proficiency. Implications for practitioners and policy makers are discussed.
۳۹.

The Effect of L2 Learning on Learners Perception of Culture

نویسنده:
منبع: Journal of Foreign Language Teaching and Translation Studies, Vol. ۱ No.۱ , January ۲۰۱۲ 39 - 48

کلیدواژه‌ها: Interchange series EFL culture English Language Iranian learners

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This study was undertaken to cast light over EFL learners' perception of culture. To that end, a group of English language learners was taught English through Interchange Series and their perception of culture was assessed using a researcher constructed questionnaire. The same questionnaire was also administered to the parents of the same learners to detect any probable differences. The results revealed that the EFL learners are largely distinct from their parents in perceptions of the designated cultural issues. While EFL learners were oriented towards Western Culture, their parents were lopsided towards domestic issues.
۴۰.

Thinking Ability and its Impacting Factors among Graduate Iranian EFL Learners through Generating Types of Questions(مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)

نویسنده:
منبع: Teaching Language Skills (JTLS), Volume ۴۱, Issue ۳, Summer ۲۰۲۲ 117 - 153

کلیدواژه‌ها: Creative thinking Critical thinking EFL philosophical thinking reflective thinking

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تعداد بازدید : ۲۴۸ تعداد دانلود : ۱۵۱
Since an effective technique to assess the level of thinking ability is to identify the types of questions one generates, the present research by employing a hybrid question framework, intended to investigate the status of thinking ability among Iranian EFL students in two majors of TEFL and English Literature in M.A. and Ph.D. degrees. To this end, through convenience sampling, a group of 51 students was asked to read two simple short texts and make any type of question(s) that would spring to their minds in essay-type format. Then, using purposeful sampling, 15 participants out of 51 were selected for a semi-structured interview. The findings revealed that nearly half of the participants did not generate thought-provoking questions, which might imply that beyond-routine thinking is not well attended to in the related context. Moreover, as the English Literature students were more capable of producing thought-provoking questions than the TEFL students, it can be inferred that an academic major can be considered an essential factor impacting one’s way of thinking. Furthermore, since the students of English Literature/TEFL in Ph.D. degree outperformed those in M.A. degree, it can be concluded that the academic degree can be accounted as an aiding factor influencing the level of thinking ability as well. Furthermore, in searching for the reasons affecting (non-) production of thought-provoking questions, several factors were discovered and categorized into impeding and promoting ones.