مطالب

Many types of research are carried out in the field of ELT. Therefore, different types of studies are performed by post-graduate students, teachers, professors, and researchers. However, the main concern of the present article is that whether the post-graduate students, teachers, and professors have the necessary knowledge on three important research points: validity, reliability, and ethics. To this end, this article discusses these three issues and sheds some light on them. In fact, validity is concerned with the correctness of inferences according to the results and instruments. Meanwhile, reliability deals with the quality and consistency of the data collection procedures. In order to calculate the reliability of the data, Cohen Kappa’s inter-rater agreement is presented and explained by means of a vivid example. Finally, ethics is an area of moral philosophy concerning the rules by which behavior needs to be directed. Finally, some means and ways of increasing and enhancing the validity, reliability, and ethics of the research are introduced and elaborated on. By providing comprehensive details and vivid examples, this article can be useful and helpful to post-graduate students, teachers, professors, and researchers in carrying out research and ensuring and quarantining their data, data collection procedures, and instruments.

Purpose of this study is to provide a structured model for the development of social entrepreneurship in the higher education system of humanities post-graduate. According to the research purpose, theoretical framework was established with three main dimensions including needs and incentives, features and measures and the consequences of social entrepreneurship development. This model has been led to interview protocol. Then researcher done 10 interviews with experts by telephone, Skype and face-to-face methods. These interviews were then coding and recoding and the concepts and categories were extracted. Then, the relationships between the categories were adjusted based on the model derived from the literature. Then with using the confirmatory factor analysis and ISM and SEM techniques, the dimensions and components of the designed model were confirmed and structured.