مطالب

This quantitative study intended to investigate Iranian EFL Teachers' attitudes towards the use of instructional technology in their classroom and its impact on their self-efficacy. Eighty teachers were surveyed using Teacher Sense of Self-Efficacy Survey (TSES) and the Media Technology Usage and Attitudes Scale (MTUAS). The first research question was designed to examine teachers' attitudes towards the use of instructional technology within the classroom and its effects on their self-efficacy and concerning the subscales of teacher self-efficacy, the findings significantly predicted the impacts of the use of instructional technology on teachers’ self-efficacy. In addition, after analyzing the data using Multiple Regression Analysis, it was further discovered that teacher self-efficacy had a significant relationship with the ability to integrate all of the sub-groups: smartphones, the internet, social media, texting, and email; The results showed that emails and smartphones, two subscales of media questionnaire, could highly predict the significant impacts of the use of integrated technology on teachers' self-efficacy. The findings suggested that training for technology-related components may not need to focus on how to use the technologies, but focusing more on how the technologies can benefit the classroom and help learners to improve their learning within the classroom.

Leslie Marmon Silko, an American Indian writer, is one of the pioneers of literary renaissance in Native American literature. Her works are focused on cultural identity, the Native people’s struggle to preserve their past and culture by means of storytelling. This article focuses on Silko’s fictional world as both fiction and history. Moreover, it deals with the cultural trauma ingrained in the Indigenous people’s collective memories, which have shaped Silko’s imagined geography in her works. Regarding the theoretical axis of discussions concerning history, historiography and emplotment of history, this article uses theories of Hayden White to explore the place of historiography in narrative. Furthermore, it applies the critical arguments concerning cultural trauma proposed by Jeffrey C. Alexander. The research proves that Silko and her characters are haunted not by the desire for history, or the past itself; but rather, they are haunted by the desire for the act of historical recollection and the process of remembering and surviving. Finally, this article shows that Silko, as a historical figure with certain literary-historiographical ambitions, reconstructs her cultural heritage and cultural identity through storytelling and fictionalizes history to give voice to her silenced land, past and history, and dismantle the dominant Euro-American historiography.

SUBJECT AND OBJECTIVES: This research is about knowing the important factors to be considered by a working woman's in religious point of view. Women play a very important role in religious; First and foremost, they bear the future generations of human being. They are the mothers that nurture the future leaders of the world; and They are the wives and the trustee of their husbands. To understand more about the rules of religious regarding women, we need to first understand regarding the position of women in religious. Why she is created, what are her purpose in this world, how she was created and how she is different and similar from men? By doing this, understanding her and the rulings that governs her in religion can be easier. METHOD AND FINDING: In this research, which was conducted with a qualitative method and analytical approach, it was found that under the rules of religious, working is permissible for women but she is bounded by certain rules that are for her own benefit. Woman is created as a servant of God so it is her primary duty to serve God. A woman also can be a wife and mother so she also has her duties and responsibilities that must be taken into consideration before planning to work. CONCLUSION: The research results showed that procuring livelihood is not a woman’s obligation and responsibility but it is permissible for her to work provided that she will not neglect her primary duties and responsibilities. Working and having an employment for women has its benefits and disadvantage so both must be taken into consideration and benefits should be greater than its disadvantage.