مطالب

There are large areas of the world where seismicity is high while they form the whole or parts of urban conglomeration. Iran can be literally compared to a large shaking table; various parts of it have been stricken by earthquake in the last four decades(1). Tehran is also expected to have a major earthquake in the near future(2). Therefore, urban design criteria for earthquake preparedness in organic urban areas of Tehran should be prepared. Among various parts of the city, the organic areas are facing more problems due to their old and unsafe structures and being located in narrow lanes and alleys while gas pipes running every where. In case of earthquake, people will be traped in these places where it will be very difficult for the fire fighting vehicles, ambulances and othe facilities to reach to the affected parts to provide health care services and aid. This paper tries to point out that although prevention of earthquake or strengthening of each and every urban structure is not possible, but at the same time the harsh effect can be toned down with the preparedness of urban transport and built form along them. It is a well known fact that after every earthquake, victims are trapped alive below the debris. This makes it imperative that a hierarchy of earthquake safe centers shall be available at all levels of the settlements and a network of roads is essential for the free flow of emergency vehicles and equipment to make the job of relief and rescue work easier.

The aim of this study was to obtain an insight into the influence of an interval progressive (pyramidal) aerobic training on serum lipid and lipoprotein profiles in San-Shou athletes. 13 national levels male San Shou player were (23.23 ± 2 years and 66.27±2.75kg,171.8 ± 2.8 cm in high and 22.42± 0.51 BMI) were voluntarily participated in this study. Blood samples (10ml) were taken from an arm vein before and after training program. All blood samples were prepared for glucose TC, TG, HDL-C LDL-c VLDL-C and some other blood factors and atherogenic indexes measurement. The results of this study show that there were a sig-nificant decrease in serum TG , VLDL-C concentrations and TC/HDL-C and LDL/HDL-C ratios and a significant increase in serum HDL-C levels after an interval progressive (py-ramidal)aerobic training for 14 weeks. The present date indicate that this training program was able to changes lipid and lipoprotein metabolism toward an cardiovascular indexes im-provement independent to any significant changes in TC and LDL-C levels.

Various opinions have been put forward about Achaemenian beliefs and thoughts, especially about the religious beliefs of the Achaemenian kings such as Cyrus the Great. Scholars rely on Herodotus’s statements that “they didn’t look at building temples and altars as a religious tradition, they refer believing in these things as ignorance and foolishness in the converse opinion to Greeks. They didn’t believe that Gods had the same nature of human. In their religion, Zeus (Ahura-Mazda) was the sign of the blue dome of the sky and was a wise master. Their traditions were going to the highest peaks of mountains praying and offering sacrifice to God. Sun, moon, fire, water, wind and other divine existences are only bodiless Gods that Iranians pray and offer them sacrifices.” According to Herodotus Iranians in the Achaemenian era, had no idol, temple and altar. In this article we have used the most accessible sources and references to study Achaemenian religion and their temples. Various opinions from the researchers have been cited here. The historic art of the Achaemenians, the inscriptions, and fire alters quadrangles and fire temples (or Brasmadana) the Achaemenian shrines which were generally located in holy areas are being focused in this article.

Language like other inventions was originated to serve human needs in different civilization. Different language was created later. Contextually the importance of translation from one language to another is not only to understand words; as the words are not the elements of translation. Importance and base of translation lies in context to understand it. After getting the content, one should deliver the same idea with the words of the destination language. That is an art of creative reproduction. There is no doubts that ideology in not specific for a special language. Difference in ideologies is originated from human essence and experiences and it is not related to the kinds of languages. Translation is the first and the most important way to convert these concepts and connect people, cultures and civilizations. Therefore it will not be an exaggeration if we say translation is a medium for creating peace.