درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

Information flow is a key parameter in an economic activity and acts as the main factor in the appearance, stability and efficiency of capital markets. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of comparability and environmental uncertainty on the expected rate of return in oil, gas and petrochemical firms. The current study applies panel regression method estimator to investigate the relationship between comparability, environmental uncertainty, and the expected rate of return of 500 firm-year observations in oil, gas and petrochemical firms listed in Iran Securities and Stock exchanges for the period of 2009-2018. The results of the research show that the comparability and uncertainty has a significant effect on the expected rate of return. In other words, the results of the research show that the expected rate of return is a function of comparability and it varies in different levels of comparability. Key words: Comparability, Expected rate of return, Uncertainty

The international chamber of commerce (ICC) created a generally accepted set of terms called Incoterms 2020 which provides that the risk of loss of or damage to the goods, passes from the seller to the buyer when the seller has fulfilled his obligation to deliver the goods. But this rule is based on a false base, which causes number of exception where the goods are delivered but the risk remains on behalf of the seller. In this paper we will prove that the aim of contract is an unexceptional factor which indicates whether the risk has passed through or still is remained. The aim which has a composite nature and preparing the last part of that nature provides reaching of the goal and is the main reason for transferring the risk of the thing then when the buyer's aim from the contracts is achieved the risk of the goods will be transferred to him and when the seller's aim is achieved the risk of the price will be transferred to him. The aim or cause of the obligation in general is; to acquire the property and the possession which are peaceful and useful of the thing to use and enjoy it with security. So each term will be separately being analyzed by theory of the cause of the obligations in civil law of France and we call this theory which defined the goal as a composite nature the virtual spirit level the theory of the spirit level of the risk.

Energy Justice and Sustainable Development Goals: The Case of Common Gas Field Projects of Iran and Qatar Abstract The issue of exploiting shared resources appears a major controversy i.e. each country try to get more out of common field. Energy justice, as a new concept, seeks to apply the principles of justice in the production and exploitation, distribution and use of energy. This study tries to assess the extent to which Iran-Qatar common field is being exploited within the framework of the three tenets of energy justice. This study intends to identify energy justice in terms of having sustainable development indicators in common gas field of Iran and Qatar. We use the concept of Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), especially from Goals that are related to the concept of energy justice to assess the realization of energy justice. The assessment of the tenets of distributional, procedural and recognition justice shows that energy justice is not pursued in joint exploitation of Iran and Qatar

The present study tries to find out the effect of energy consumption on economic growth and emission through applying non-linear framework, the smooth transition regression model, and threshold regression TAR by using the data from1969 to 2017. The results of empirical frameworks indicate that the economic growth is gradually affected by energy consumption and STR model demonstrates the dynamics. However, the changes in energy consumption on emission has taken place faster and the parametric changes have been more severe. In both states, there is one model which consists of two regimes. In this model, the fossil fuel energy consumption growth variable is selected as transition or threshold variable which is optimal model. The fossil fuel energy consumption variable is considered as a policy variable which in both frameworks have been selected in 12 percent level. The results of TAR model revealed that in high regime of fossil fuel consumption, the first lag of fossil fuel consumption and the logarithm of population have impact on emission and in high regime of low fossil fuel consumption, the fist lag on variable growth of fossil fuel consumption and electricity have impact on emission. Also, the results of TAR model indicated that the electricity energy consumption growth in low regime, the growth in electricity consumption and first lag investment affect the economic growth. The fossil fuel consumption in high regime, the growth variables of fossil fuel consumption and investment have impact on the economic growth.