درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

One of the goals of the government is to increase the competitiveness of domestic firms to export goods and services. Moreover, the role of exports in many economic sectors has been emphasized. There are two essential requirements for developing non-oil exports: first, the presence of firms in export markets and increasing their competitiveness; second, the survival of them in international markets. This paper assesses the impact of leverage on export survival by using the data of 16 Iranian manufacturing firms from 1999-2018. These companies operate in the agricultural and food industry and are indexed in the stock exchange market. Based on Cox semi-parametric model estimation, the main result is that leverage harms export survival.

The national economy of most countries is made up of various regions (provinces) with different industrial composition, financial structure, trade relations, and institutional environment. Depending on these characteristics, regions may respond differently to a uniform national macroeconomic policy. Policymakers should consider these heterogeneities to achieve the national development objective. Using separate VAR models to investigate the regional effects of a uniform policy neglects the spillover effects across regions. The GVAR approach models the links between units (such as regions) using the weighted average of different macroeconomic aggregates. Since Iran is a regionally dispersed country, this motivates us to analyze whether or not a standard monetary policy has different effects on its provinces' unemployment and inflation rates using a GVAR approach during 2005q1-2016q1 period. Results indicate that one standard deviation positive monetary shock at the national level can significantly reduce unemployment in some provinces. These responses are similar in terms of timing, but their intensity is different. Also, this positive shock has a positive effect on inflation in all provinces. All responses are approximately similar in terms of timing. Despite this similarity, shock responses vary in terms of intensity.

With the onset of the financing crisis in the real sector of the economy and the intensification of shortcomings in the banking system of Iran in recent years, the issue of capital raising has been seriously considered by economic and banking experts to improve the health and stability of banks and their credit provision. What has been critical in this regard is the effects of capital raisings on the liquidity creation and credit provision of the banks. Therefore, using data of 29 banks during the period 2008 to 2017, and the econometric method of dynamic panel data, the relationship between the capital raising and the liquidity creation and credit providing has been studied. For this purpose, in two steps, first, the effect of capital raising in general on the liquidity creation and credit of banks, and in the next step, the impact of different methods of capital raising on these factors has been studied. The results of the estimations show that an increase in total capital will lead to a rise in liquidity creation in banks. In examining the effect of various methods of capital raising on liquidity creation, however, only the method of cash contribution and retained earnings can have a positive effect on liquidity creation, and other techniques show adverse effects. Also, based on the results of the proposed models, banks' capital raising has harmed their credit provision. It means that banks have allocated the resources from capital raisings to things other than providing loans to customers.

One of the striking features of the business cycles is the patterns of co-movement of output, inflation, interest rates, and real equity prices across countries. This paper empirically examines the effects of domestic and foreign monetary policies on Iran's macroeconomic variables (including real production, inflation, short-term interest rate, and real exchange rate) using quarterly data over the 1996Q1-2015Q4 period and a global vector auto-regression model (GVAR) for Iran, the largest trading partners of Iran including China, India, Russia, South Korea, Turkey, the European Union, and the United State. The results of domestic monetary policies on Iran's macroeconomic variables illustrate a form of Price Puzzle on how monetary policy shocks affect inflation in Iran. The effects of the positive shocks of domestic interest rate on real GDP in Iran is negative. Iran's real exchange rate response to the positive shock of domestic interest rates is negative and significant. The results regarding the impact of the foreign monetary policies on Iran's macroeconomic variables illuminate that only the effects of a positive shock to China's interest rate are significant and negative on Iran's inflation. Besides, there is a significant independency of Iran's real GDP to the monetary policy shocks of the other trading partners of Iran. Also, the response of Iran's real exchange rate to positive monetary shocks in the EU and Turkey is at a positive and significant level. The results indicate that due to the closed economic structure of Iran, global economic crises that lead to a recession in other countries have had the least impact on the Iranian economy.

Economic justice and equitable distribution of income, along with important issues such as economic growth and development, the reduction of inflation and unemployment, have always been of concern to economists. Fair distribution of income and reduction of income inequality in society, and the identification of factors affecting income inequality to make the right policy are necessary and obvious. The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of income tax on income distribution in Iran. In this regard, Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach has been used to investigate the existence of a long-run relationship between variables and to estimate the coefficients related to long-run and error correction models for income inequality from 1978 to 2012. The results indicate a long-run relationship among the variables and show that an increase in income tax revenues leads to a reduction in income inequality.

This study aims to design a model to realize real estate income tax in Tabriz city with due attention to the tax collection process. According to the related literature, the variables of "tax payment," "real estate," "tax evasion," "investment incentive," "rent and real estate speculation," and "advertisement in tax collection" are considered as key variables, affecting the conceptual model of real estate tax system. According to the dynamic systems method, the interaction and relationships between variables are shown by state-flow diagrams based on the literature and experts' opinions. These relationships are finally simulated by Vensim software. The results show that advertisement has a significant effect on the amount of taxes paid by taxpayers. Tax transparency has also reduced rents for taxpayers and ultimately reduced tax evasion and timely tax collection in the estimated budget of real estate resources and single-occupancy jobs. Scenarios show that lowering the tax rate in the trading and business market and large corporations and businesses' rental income are strongly influenced by tax revenues.