درخت حوزه‌های تخصصی

According to the economic literature, foreign direct investment (FDI) has the main role in the growth of countries. Therefore, the main goal of present study is to examine the direct and indirect (spatial) effect of FDI on growth of GDP in different regions of Iran using the spatial econometric model. For this purpose, the data of 30 provinces of Iran during 2010-2018 has been used. The spatial weight matrix (W), is considered based on the contiguity of the regions. The results of model showed that FDI had a positive direct and spillover effects on growth of regions. Also, government spending in the regions, increase of financial credits and human capital had a direct positive effect on economic growth of the region's economy. The spillover effects of two variables, FDI and financial development, was significant. Meanwhile, the spatial (indirect) effect of FDI was positive, but the indirect (spillover) effect of financial development was negative.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of uncertainty in economic policy on the stock price crash risk. In this applied descriptive-analytical ex post facto study, the statistical population included the companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Over a seven-year period, 148 companies are selected using the systematic sampling method (2015–2021). In this study, the negative skewness of return on equity (ROE) and down-to-up volatility were used to assess the stock price crash risk (dependent variable) and uncertainty in economic policy (independent variable). The data was then analyzed using the multivariate regression model. The results of the hypothesis testing indicated that volatility in the interest rate, dollar exchange rate, inflation, and economic growth had a positive significant effect on the stock price crash risk or the negative skewness of ROE and down-to-up volatility. Hence, given the effects of macroeconomic variables on the ROE, in order to achieve economic sustainability, the Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran should pay close attention to the adoption of macroeconomic policies, prevent economic policymakers and planners from implementing hasty unscientific policies, and increase the share of tax revenues from income sources.

A suitable marketing strategy is essential for increasing sales and profitability at different stages of the product life cycle. The main objective of this study was to assess the factors that affect the choice of marketing strategy at various stages of the product life cycle in the food industry in Mashhad, Iran. Data were collected in 2017 through a survey which 88 marketing managers in the food production industry completed the questionnaires. To reach the goal of the study, the multinomial logit model was applied to determine the effects of explanatory variables on the probability of choosing a special marketing strategy at the various stages of the product life cycle. Results showed that the manager’s experience, education, type of product, competitiveness, reputable brand, and market share had a significant effect on the chosen strategy at different stages of the product life cycle. Therefore, a company’s profitability in a market could be improved by the implementation of a marketing strategy based on product type and in relation to the specific stage of the product life cycle.

Iran attempts to expand the non-oil exportsfor diminishing the dependency on oil export income. This research tries to examine the export and trade balance of Iran's agricultural sector. Accordingly, the gravity model was used for export, applying panel data from 1997 to 2017. Also, the trade balance of Iran's total agricultural and the related sectors’commodities was examined. It should be noted that for the trade balance, time series data from 1978 to 2018 were used. The results of the gravity model show a negative effect for the variable of distance. The coefficients of Iran’s per capita GDP and also the GDP of trading partners are positive, as expected. It was found that a one percent increase in the per capita GDP of Iran causes a rise of 3.42 percent in the export of agricultural products; however,that of importing countries haslow statistical significance. Based on the coefficient obtained for the population, an increase in the population of the importing countries raises the demand for Iran's agricultural products.The degree of trade openness revealed a positive and significant effect on the export of agricultural products. The coefficient for the real exchange rate was found to be around 0.9 percent. It was also found that the volatility of the exchange rate is related directly to the export of agricultural products. Comprehensive sanctions have a negative and significant effect, while less restricting sanctions have an insignificant effect on the export of agricultural products. The global economic crisis has also had a dampening effect on exports. For trade balance, the results show that the value added of the agriculture has a positive effect on the trade balance of entire agriculture and sectors. The real exchange rate has a negative effect on the trade balance of agricultural commodities as a whole and livestock and agronomy sectors, confirming the J-Curve theory while it was not supported for the horticultural sector. Also, the variable of exchange rate volatility was included in the model using two measures of positive and negative series of exchange rate changes and the Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH) effect, but their effect on the trade balance was not the same in terms of both the direction and statistical significance. The trade openness for the agricultural and horticultural sector was found with a positive coefficient, indicating that their production is based on comparative advantage. However, for the sectors of agronomy and livestock, it illustrated a negative effect. Sanctions have also harmed the trade balance.