منیژه احمدی

Purpose- Rural tourism has various effects on the economic and social aspects of rural households. Considering the significant impact of tourism on the economic and social development of local communities, this research aims to investigate the economic and social effects of rural tourism in Baft County.Design/methodology/approach- The statistical population consists of 2512 households in the rural of Baft Township, out of which 333 households were selected through simple random sampling based on Cochran's; formula. The primary tool for data collection was a questionnaire, the validity of which was examined through content and structural validity, and its reliability was assessed using composite reliability and Cronbach's; alpha (α = 0.90). Data analysis was performed using SPSS and LISREL software. To examine the fit of the measurement model of economic and social effects on rural tourism; the collected data were analyzed using LISREL software and second-order confirmatory factor analysis.Findings- The research findings indicate that the most significant impact is on the economic dimension, including employment and income, investment, and satisfaction. Moreover, the most prominent effects in the social dimension include social participation, protection of intangible heritage, sense of place, heritage and tradition preservation, tourist satisfaction, education and awareness, and ultimately, cultural elevation. The research findings also revealed that the absolute fit indices (AGFI = 0.91, GFI = 0.94), comparative fit indices (NNFI = 0.92, CFI = 0.95), and parsimonious fit indices (RMSEA = 0.054, X2/df = 2.63) confirm the excellent fit of the measurement model of economic and social effects on rural tourism with the observed data. Furthermore, the structural equation modelling results indicate that the most signicant impacts are in the economic dimension of employment and income and the social dimension of social participation.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of traffic culture education on the law-abiding and citizenship behavior of middle school students in District 12 of Tehran. The research method is quasi-experimental with pre-test and post-test design and is applied in terms of purpose. In terms of data type, this research is quantitative, and in terms of time, it is a cross-sectional research. The statistical population was 4756 high school students in District 12 of Tehran in the academic year 2020-2021, which was selected by random cluster sampling of 40 seventh-grade students in two groups of 20 (experimental group and control group). The research tools of the educational package included pedestrians, vehicle occupants, urban cycling, public transportation, rights and duties of citizenship in traffic, and a researcher-made questionnaire that its content validity was determined by the Lavshe index (0.62) and formal validity by the opinion of elites and reliability was calculated by Cronbach's alpha test (0.80). Descriptive statistics (central and dispersion indices), inferential statistics (Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, independent t-test, and paired t-test), and SPSS16 software were used to analyze the data. The results showed that traffic education had a significant positive and direct effect on the law-abiding and citizenship behavior of students.