ارزش و عینیت، کاربرد روش شناسی ماکس وبر در سیاست (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
از مهم ترین پرسش های مطرح در روش شناسی علوم اجتماعی در تمایز با روش شناسی علوم طبیعی، رابطه بین عینیت و واقعیت است. پرسش اصلی این است که چگونه می توان بدون استفاده از روش های اثبات گرایانه (پوزیتویستی) از عینیت علوم فرهنگی و اجتماعی دفاع کرد؟ ماکس وبر از مهم ترین افرادی است که سعی داشت رویکرد روشی علوم اجتماعی را بازیابی کند تا ضمن حفظ منحصربودگی آن، بتواند پاسخگوی علمی بودن و عینیت در این علوم باشد. مهم ترین ادعای او درباره ایجاد روشی متمایز برای علوم اجتماعی، ورود ارزش ها به سامان پژوهش ها و واقعیت های اجتماعی بود. یکی از بارزترین ارزش هایی که پژوهشگر علوم اجتماعی درگیر آن است، ارزش های سیاسی یا علائق مربوط به سیاست است. در پژوهش های وبر، استدلال شده که جدایی قضاوت های ارزشی عملی (نگرش های سیاسی، اخلاقی، زیباشناسی، فرهنگی و غیره) از برداشت های منطقی یا واقعیت های مشاهده شده تجربی ممکن و مطلوب است. در این پژوهش با رویکردی تحلیلی- تبیینی، از روش تحلیل متون استفاده شده است تا آثار مربوط به مباحث روش شناسی ماکس وبر با تمرکز بر دو مفهوم ارزش و عینیت بررسی شود. به عنوان مهم ترین دستاورد این پژوهش، ارتباط دو مفهوم ارزش و عینیت در مطالعه سیاست و به طور ویژه ارزش ها و مواضع سیاسی در شکل گیری و فرایند پژوهش نشان داده می شود. با تفکیک ربط ارزشی سیاسی عالمان از مواضع سیاسی آنها، می توان به تبیین علمی دست یافت که عینیت در پژوهش های اجتماعی-سیاسی را محقق سازدValue and Objectivity, the Utility of Max Weber’s Methodology in Politics
One of the most important questions raised in the methodology of social science— as compared to natural science methodology— is concerned with the relationship between objectivity and reality. Max Weber was a well-known social theorist of the twentieth century, who tried to find the best methodology for the social science research which had the characteristics of being objective and scientific. As a scientist, Weber conducted extensive research in various fields of law, economics, history, sociology, and concentrated his efforts on presenting a sound method for cultural and social science research. In fact, he is viewed as one of the influential pioneers and architects of the works on social sciences methodology. Weber's ideas as a methodologist of the cultural and social sciences have remained pertinent, and are still taken into consideration in methodological discourse. Thus, a score of scholars has examined and discussed the nature of Weber's ideas on value freedom and the role of social science, and even the usefulness of his ideas for the methodology of a given discipline (such as political science). Some have argued that social sciences should be value free, and the problem of researchers’ value-intrusion leading to inadequate objectivity ought to be addressed. In contrast, others have advocated all the methods in the social sciences that make social research more relevant to the social problems. In their view, since the value of social research is to be judged by its social and cultural utility, politically-motivated and politically-guided research can also produce valuable results and be scientifically worthy. In this paper, the author discusses Max Weber's methodology, particularly focusing on the concepts of value and objectivity. The primary research questions is, “How should one defend the objectivity of cultural and social sciences without using the positivist methods?” One can hardly disagree with the argument that social science research must be based on actual facts and reasoning, rather than guided by insufficient evidence and biased judgment. However, it is difficult to agree that the main goal of all social science research ought to be value-neutrality and objectivity. By adopting an analytical-descriptive approach, Weber’s relevant writings about ‘objectivity’ and ‘value neutrality’ in the social science research are identified and analyzed by the use of qualitative conceptual analysis. The goal was to examine the significance of Weber’s arguments on the methodology of the social sciences, and particularly his concepts of value freedom, value relation as applied to the sphere of politics, in addition to other pertinent aspects of Weber’s methodological position. Weber does not recommend indifference to political issues. The most important finding of this research is to show the relationship between the two concepts of value and objectivity in the study of politics, especially the role of political values in the research process. By separating the political value-relation of scholars from their political valuations, it would be possible to obtain scientific explanations in sociopolitical research.
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