۱.
کلید واژه ها:
Minhag custom Jewish Jurisprudence Bible Tanakh Halakha Jewish Law
Next to Islam, Jewish jurisprudence is the most extensive jurisprudence among all divine laws. "The Bible" is the most important written source and "Minhāj" is considered one of the most useful non-written sources in Jewish law. The important question of the upcoming article is that according to the special nature of Minhāj and the experiences gained from human life in different times and places, ‘Can the current realm of the authority of Minhāj in Judaism be reconciled with the realities in societies and the defined position of the Bible among the sources of Jewish law and the principle of Torah rule?’ The present study aims to identify the roots of some problems and behavioral chaos attributed to religion and to provide the necessary suggestion for method reform. The following article investigates the nature of Jewish jurisprudence and religious sources in Judaism with a descriptive-analytical method, and after studying and analyzing the position of the Bible and Minhāj and its various dimensions, it comes to the conclusion that considering the basic position of the holy book and the Torah in Judaism as the main sources of Sharia and the source of revelation, as well as the disturbing results of accepting the independent source of Minhāj throughout history, must be seriously reflected in the current territory of Minhāj.
۲.
کلید واژه ها:
Ethics of War cultural heritage Antiquities Sacred Objects Religious and Holy Places Qur'an and Testaments
In the modern world, the moral laws of war were approved in the form of "International Humanitarian Rights" or "Laws of War" in various conventions, the most important of which is the 1949 Geneva Quadrilateral Convention. Part of these laws are related to the protection of cultural heritage, antiquities and sacred objects. The present study aims to investigate whether the protection of the cultural heritage of war has been considered in the sacred texts and fatwas of Muslim and Christian theologians. It seeks to invite the followers of religions to observe ethics in armed conflicts and also pay attention to the commonalities and differences in Islam and Christianity. According to library studies of Islamic and Christian holy texts, there are common views on the protection of cultural heritage in armed conflicts. Moreover, some differences are seen there, though they are less evident in the opinions of jurists and theologians. This research will examine this issue.
۳.
کلید واژه ها:
Eve in the Holy Books Woman in the Story of Creation The First Woman Eve in Art
The image of the first woman in the stories of the creation of man in all cultures has always been an inspiration and has had an impact on the current idea of women and femininity in every culture. This first mother, who is called Eve in Abrahamic traditions and is the first woman in the story of creation, has always been reflected in different layers of Jewish, Christian and Islamic cultures, especially in literature and art, and since Abrahamic traditions, whether in "Holy texts" and their interpretations, as well as in their cultural life, were not completely separate and distinct from each other. Some intertextualities have caused the image of Eve to be influenced by each other in these three cultures despite the differences in the holy texts in this field. The present study aims to first analyze the image of the first woman separately in the Testaments and the Qur'an, and then, in a comparative perspective, analyze the reflection of the Testament image of Eve in Christian literature and art and the reflection of the Quranic image of Eve in Islamic literature and art. The result of this analysis shows that the image of Eve in the Testaments is not free from anti-feminist myths, and the creation from the left rib, the temptation of Adam, and the guilt of Eve in descent and her punishment are depicted differently from Adam, and despite the fact that the Qur'an does not paint such a picture, But Islamic literary and artistic works are also greatly influenced by the same image and are less consistent with the Quranic image of Eve.
۴.
کلید واژه ها:
Ḥalāl Kosher Quadrupeds birds Aquatic Animals Quran Torah
Divine laws have provided recommendations for various aspects of human life, including his nutrition. Among these directives are the commands of God regarding the permissibility (Ḥalāl) and prohibition (Ḥarām) of consuming animal meat. According to the individual and social interests of humans, considering the benefits and harms of animal meat for human body and soul, God has deemed the consumption of animal meat as permissible or forbidden. The present study aims to analyze the rulings on the permissibility and prohibition of consuming meat of certain animals in Judaism and Islam through a comparative-analytical method. The findings of this study reveal significant similarities between Islam and Judaism regarding the regulations concerning animals, including the prohibition of consuming non-slaughtered animal meat, the prohibition of consuming many insects, reptiles, and mammals. However, differences exist in areas such as consuming blood pudding and combining meat with dairy products. Generally, Jewish laws are strict, while Islamic laws are lenient and moderate, not burdening individuals beyond their capacity.
۵.
کلید واژه ها:
Sexual Instinct Quran Bible
Sexual desire is a powerful force that, if expressed incorrectly, can cause indescribable harm to individuals. Conversely, responding to this desire and, more importantly, achieving balance in responses can lead to significant individual and social effects. Since the heavenly scriptures of Abrahamic religions have never disregarded sexual pleasure, ensuring that sexual satisfaction does not become a means of societal deviation, the present study aims to explore what teachings these scriptures offer to preserve the sexual instinct. By comparing the three texts—the Quran, the Old Testament, and the New Testament—through a descriptive and analytical approach using library resources, we have concluded that all three texts recognize the family as the proper context for the correct fulfillment of this instinct and provide programs for this purpose. In this regard, the Quran establishes specific laws within the confines of marriage that prevent marriage from posing a threat to the sexual instinct. This is contrary to what is observed in the two Testaments, particularly in the New Testament. Both the Quran and the Bible discuss the preservation and purity of the sexual instinct, but the purity emphasized in Islam differs from that in the Testaments (especially the New Testament). The Quran guides towards proper fulfillment, while another view seeks to suppress this instinct.
۶.
کلید واژه ها:
Orientalists Content of Quranic Stories Bible Interpreters revelation
One of the most important documents that Orientalists use to doubt the authenticity of the Quran and the prophethood of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH), as well as to claim that the Quran has borrowed from the two Testaments, is the similarity in the content of the stories of the prophets in the Quran with those in the Testaments. This research employs an analytical-comparative method and draws on both intra-religious (including the Quran, interpretations, dictionaries, etc.) and extra-religious references (the two Testaments, opinions of Orientalists, and historical data) to analyze and evaluate the perspectives of Orientalists around three main axes: the "origins and sources of the stories," the "way the Prophet (PBUH) accessed these sources," and the "changes to the stories during transmission." According to the findings of the study, the predominance of a historical approach to religions and the lack of attention to the unity of the divine source of monotheistic religions, as well as the Orientalists' perspective on the concept of revelation, which they perceive as a personal experience, are the most significant factors influencing the claim that the stories in the Quran were adapted from the Testaments. The results of the research indicate that the familiarity of Orientalists with the Arabic language is accompanied by deficiencies that have affected their investigations; their information is derived from Arabic sources that are sometimes partial and incomplete. Additionally, the animosity and hostile motivations of the researchers have also played a role in this regard.
۷.
کلید واژه ها:
Existentialism Kierkegaard Ibn Tufayl nature
Ibn Ṭufayl and Kierkegaard share existentialist elements around nature. Ibn Ṭufayl believes in nature as the best teacher of philosophy and philosophical reasoning. For Kierkegaard, being human means being dependent on and embedded in nature. This makes Kierkegaard a highly relevant interlocutor for contemporary Eco philosophy and ecocriticism. Ibn Ṭufayl’s opinion on the subject is discernible in his novel called Ḥayy Ibn Yaqẓān. Pursuing the truth of life, Ḥayy, the main personage of Ibn Ṭufayl’s novel, finds his way through four travels of mind. Nature is the context of his travels, so determined to protect nature, Ḥayy takes considerable care of fauna and flora as he steps into the highest levels in his ascent. In the first travel, Ḥayy begins from nature from which is created and in which is raised by a roe mother. In the second travel, he figures out all of natural affairs insofar as becoming a leading scientist. In the third travel resulted in the former travel, Ḥayy becomes successful in philosophical analysis. In the fourth travel, Ḥayy goes forward with philosophical analysis and reaches mystical level. The mystical experiences go on so that through all natural beings and events Ḥayy conveys to God. In this last pace, Ḥayy returns to nature and becomes a nature protectionist. At the end of story, Ḥayy faces a religious stranger showed up from another island. Ḥayy finds his beliefs thoroughly in accordance with his own opinions.
۸.
کلید واژه ها:
Forbearance Islam Christianity Holy Quran Bible narrations
Among ethical-centered religions, the two popular faiths of Islam and Christianity focus on important ethical propositions to nurture and morally educate the adherents of their respective religions. In this context, a significant ethical teaching such as forbearance plays a crucial role in impacting the personal lives of the believers of both religions as well as their social relationships. The present study, which is developed through exploring and extracting all relevant keywords and propositions related to the teaching of forbearance from the esteemed texts of Islam and Christianity, namely the Holy Quran, the impeccable Imams narrations (Thaqalayn), and the Bible, aims to extract, categorize, and ultimately evaluate a precise representation of the conceptualization, significance and value, types, effective factors, effects, and appropriate and inappropriate etiquettes related to the teaching of forbearance based on the information included in these texts. The most significant conclusion is that multiple quantitative and qualitative similarities and differences can be derived from examining this teaching in the reputable texts of Christianity and Islam.
۹.
کلید واژه ها:
Quran Holy Book Satan Concept Historical Semantics
Semantics in time (historical) is one of the lexical semantic methods in the holy texts, which by identifying the components of the word, examines the specific concept throughout history and shows its evolutions, ups and downs. The concept of Satan has changed throughout history and has a long-standing connection with the holy texts. The use of the word "devil" in Pishatohid is related to concepts such as evil, jinn, evil spirits, which are intertwined with the function of evil and filth. In the Abrahamic religions of Christianity, Judaism and Islam, Satan was recognized as a creature from the fallen divine position. The lexical application of this concept in the holy texts, with various characteristics of intelligent, experimental, benevolent, concrete and abstract dual status, indicates the interaction of the believers of these texts with heterogeneous civilizations and its metamorphosis. In the meantime, the Qur'an tells a special meaning of the devil with a systematic narrative in a special discourse. This research with a descriptive-analytical method, based on the application of action, expresses the transformation of the concept of Satan in the narration of the Torah, the Bible and the Holy Quran with a historical method (in time).
۱۰.
کلید واژه ها:
Jesus Quran New Testament Divinity Content Analysis
The study of topics related to religions, especially Abrahamic religions, has always been important and prioritized, particularly when these topics are examined in a comparative and interfaith manner. This research examines the character of Jesus Christ from the perspective of the Holy Quran and the four Gospels to determine whether divinity can be attributed to him or if, as the Holy Quran explicitly states, he was one of the great prophets of God. By analyzing the content of the four Gospels using content analysis methods, we concluded that none of these four Gospels, which are regarded as the official sources of Christianity, provide any evidence of divinity for him. Rather, he was a human, born of Mary by divine will and through the Holy Spirit, with his special mission being the guidance of the Children of Israel. Like other prophets, he performed numerous miracles, and his character possessed outstanding qualities that are also emphasized in the Holy Quran.
۱۱.
کلید واژه ها:
Quran Superstitions Torah revelation Bible Holy Book Gospel Christianity distortion Judaism interpretation Intellectual Domain language of religion Vision
In the text of the Holy Quran and the Bible, it is emphasized that God is invisible and cannot be seen by the eyes. There is a distinction in that while the Old Testament does not regard God as merely a mental entity, it acknowledges a direct presence of God in speaking to humans through specific verses and signs. The vision represented in the Quran is used to explain the perception of events and the manifestation of human actions on the Day of Judgment, whereas the vision in bodily form regarding seeing God exists in the Two Testaments. The language of the Holy Quran cannot be influenced by the language of the Bible, although there are similarities in some instances. Ultimately, despite the claims of the Bible regarding the invisibility of God, their descriptions often suggest a corporeal image. However, the Quran explicitly denies the embodiment and vision of God Almighty, and instances discussing sight are often interpreted as a denial of sight.
۱۲.
کلید واژه ها:
Holy Quran Torah and Gospel Bible Islamic Narrations Affirmation Presentation to the Quran
The Quran, on one hand, generally affirms the current Torah and Gospel (Bible) while considering them to have deficiencies on the other hand. The verses of the Quran indicate that the Bible contain omissions and additions. This statement of the Quran aligns with the historical accounts of the Bible, and the Quran speaks in accordance with reality. That is to say, the Bible is divine, yet they have become humanized and contain deficiencies. The Quran possesses unique characteristics such as clarity, being blessed, wise, and a guardian, which elevate it above any other book and render all other books reliant on it. Accordingly, all books need to present their contents to the Quran for correction and completion. This interaction of the Quran with the Bible is similar to its interaction with Islamic narrations. Although this perspective has previously been presented by the author in articles and books, this writing employs a descriptive-analytical method with a new articulation and reasoning to substantiate this viewpoint.
