حسن رضایی

By its academic-aristocratic approach at the beginning, and the mere artistic vision of art afterwards, Beaux Arts had become the cottage of hopes and dreams for art-lovers and artists from Iran and all around the world. Accordingly, Iran, like many other countries, has had consecutive associations and interactions with these schools, especially beaux-arts school, in qualitative and quantitative dimensions “Beaux-arts” school has had an extraordinary expanded character among classical educational schools in Italy and Germany and has played a positive and rooted role on art education world. What was going on continuously in E’cole for many years was nothing but a stone sinking in a pond, whose inevitable waves’ beams affected the whole pond. Art Education was the pond, Beaux Arts the stone. E’cole de Beaux-Arts set up the starting point of many artistic, educational and political events in the domain of art education. So, may we assume Beaux-Arts as the starting point and the godfather of most of Iranian art education systems? Exامینing this subject in the context of art education history can be done through various methods. Historical periods, geopolitical entities, nationalism, international network of effects, and subjects orthemes each can have a framework or composition for forming the international history of art education. This article sets to express France’s E’cole de Beaux-Arts Education historically, and tries to assess the deep qualitative and quantitative influences of the E’cole on Iran’s Art educational system, especially on architecture education, by gathering information through well-known artists and graduates of Beaux-Arts.

Having its roots in science, “chaos theory” provides a new strategy to examine the disordered world of postmodern novels to find the hidden order underlying the apparent chaos. This study tries to clarify the ambiguous relation between Oedipa Maas, the “Tristero system” and the “Maxwell’s Demon” in Thomas Pynchon’s The Crying of Lot 49. Oedipa Maas, the main character of the novel is regarded as an “everyman” type character who tries desperately to make sense of the signs and mysteries proliferating around her, but she can never fulfill her quest because she is trapped in a chaotic world where there are no stable values, friends or meanings. She feels separated from the world around her and longs to regain the stability she used to have before she started her task as the “executrix” of her former lover’s vast estate. She does not manage to find “order” in the surrounding chaos, but applying the major tenets of chaos theory and examining concepts such as “the butterfly effect”, “bifurcations”, “strange attractors”, “recursive symmetry” and “entropy” , we can come to a better understanding of the order underlying the disordered world of the novel.