صالح رفیعی

The purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of observational expert and beginner model on learning basketball free throw skill in those with different levels of imagination capability. For this purpose, 30 students with high imagination capability and 30 students with low imagination capability were selected among volunteered students and divided into 6 groups. The free throw accuracy and model were measured with 10 throws at the pre and post-test stages. At the exercise stage, the participants also performed 240 throws based on the specific protocol of the group. The experimental groups watched the video of the Expert or beginner model at the beginning of each exercise block while the control group did not watch any kind of video. The results of multivariate covariance analysis showed that the accuracy and the model of throws in different groups were significantly different. Those with high imagination capability benefit more from observational learning and learned better than those with low imagination capability. Also, those with high imagination capability significantly benefit from Expert model observation. The results of this research show that in addition to the characteristics of the observed model, which can have a great impact on observational learning, the observers’ characteristics are also very influential in this. One of these effective characteristics was the individual's imagination ability; people with lower abilities were more likely to encounter problems with the use of observational learning. Therefore, developing of individual's imagination ability is necessary for this type of learning.

This study attempted to investigate the effect of over-learning and off-line different periods on stabilization-based consolidation process and proactive interference in explicit motor memory. Previous experiences can affect future performance. However, it is not clear how much exercise is needed to stimulate these effects, and what is the best offline period between workouts to prevent interference? In this research, the performance of 40 female students, who were between 20-30 years old and had been called to attend in the test voluntarily, was studied in two offline Periods of 5 minutes and 24 hours between the first (forehand) and the second (backhand) strokes. Data were analyzed using a variance analysis test with repeated measurement tests and a Tukey follow-up test. Two main findings emerged from the study. Firstly, it was determined that offline period (5 minutes and 24 hours) are not effective on the learning of the second task. The second finding was that overlearning performed consolidation in both of the offline Periods (24 hours and 5 minutes) and the learning of backhand stroke became resistant to anterograde interference. These results suggest that learning can play an important role in explicit motor memory, but offline period cannot make learning resistant to interference.