علی بغیری

The illegal proliferation of small arms constitutes a major source of destruction to lives and properties and exacerbates ethnic and religious tensions leading to full-fledge conflicts. However, by employing failed state theory as theoretical framework,a failed state is one that has shattered social and political structures. It is characterized by social, political and economic failure. It is the collapse of state institutions, especially the police and judiciary with resulting paralysis of governance, a breakdown of law and order, and general banditry and chaos. Common characteristics of a failing state is when a central government is so weak or ineffective that it has little practical control over much of its territory, non-provision of public utilities or services, widespread corruption and criminality; refugees and involuntary movement of populations, and sharp economic decline. Using the above theory, the research found that, many factors are responsible for the illegal proliferation of SALW in Nigeria, but the prominent include porosity of Nigerian borders,arms traffickers exploit this situation to smuggle SALW into the country. wide spread insecurity in the country which Nigerians and cooperate organizations have lost confidence in the state and its security agencies to guarantee security hence, individuals, groups and cooperate bodies have to provide security for themselves through various means. These private securities and vigilantes are armed sometimes with illegal weapons. Arming of private security is part of the motivational force for the proliferation of small arms in Nigeria.However, corruptioncreates breeding grounds for the proliferation of small arms and light weapons among the civilian population. Finally, under-equipment of the national security agencies.Criminals and dissidents are often better equipped than the security agencies thereby making the security agencies incapable of repelling their attacks and unable to defend the public from criminals.

The weakness of Ottoman empire, in particular in the last years, adding to the materialistic tendencies of politicians, was attributed to not only a sort of disappointment of the religious state, but also exacerbating orientations to revitalize Islam. Nevertheless, with the exemption of current Turkey, other regions, dominated by Ottoman, were grappling with severely extremist trends which, in spite of their reduction, has been irritating the Islamic world after ages. Thus, what is the relation between Ottoman’s collapse and Salafists’ tendencies? The article by applying a historical analysis and investigating the pivots of Ottoman’s state, studies the reasons for Ottoman’s decline and by analyzing the effects of political vacuum as well as the disappearing of a supportively religious state in the area, scrutinizes the relationship between the collapse and the evolution of Salafists’ attitudes. Overall, Ottoman’s collapse contributed to the creation of a political vacuum, fed the appropriate context to raise Salafism in the Islamic world and Wahhabism is alleged a normal yet utilitarian approach to handle ever-increasing internal patches as well as internationally infuriating interventions at the time.

Tehran is grappling with irritating air pollution for a couple of years and the challenge seems to be getting worse. However, what is the main reason for this? To answer the question, many studies have concentrated on the primary chemical ingredients, like CO; and others have focused on where such pollutants are produced, like factories. Nevertheless, we have selected a higher level of analysis by reviewing socio-economic hypotheses (including sanctions, population, and mismanagement) as well as global climate change from 1999 to 2023 while using descriptive and inferential statistics. We know that crude oil is one of the main exported products of Iran. Thus, to evaluate sanctions as the central hypothesis, we surveyed the rate of crude oil exports, and as an assumption, there is a negative relation between sanctions and such exportation. At this stage, we studied the relationship between sanctions and AQI (one of the best scales for calculating air pollution) and on the other hand, sanctions and main toxic gases. For rival hypotheses, we analyzed the relation between AQI and them (population, mismanagement, and global climate change). All in all, among them, the results demonstrate only the correlation of sanctions with CO (-.916), NO2 (.718), and SO2 (-.687). Meanwhile, it is assumed that by using some methods and applying standards, the government could manage the amount of CO and SO2, whereas, due to the need of Mazut to maintain the economy of energy, NO2 has increased.