مناسبات عشیره ای و ساختارهای تاریخی قدرت و مرز در عمان متصالح (امارات متحده عربی) (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
مناسبات عشیره ای و ساختارهای تاریخی قدرت و مرز در عمان متصالح ( امارات متحده عربی) در دو سده 13 و 14هجری/19 و 20 میلادی تا تأسیس امارات متحده عربی در 1971 میلادی، نقش تعیین کننده ای در شناخت هویت تاریخی شیخ نشین های خلیج فارس دارد. شرایط خاص جغرافیایی این منطقه، این وضعیت خاص اجتماعی را برای آن رقم زده است. اهمیت موضوع، نقش مناسبات عشیره ای در ترسیم مرزهای قدرت و سیاست در امارات متحده عربی، به واسطه نقش آن در فهم ماهیت تاریخ تحولات سواحل جنوبی خلیج فارس طی یک سده اخیر دارد. از جهت دیگر، پیچیدگی سیاسی مرزها ناشی از روابط میان نظام های عشیره ای و فرهنگ بدوی حاکم بر بخش مهمی از مناطق ساحلی و درونی، بر اهمیت موضوع نقش مناسبات عشیره ای در فرایند ساخت قدرت و مرزهای سیاسی این منطقه طی دو سده اخیر افزوده است. عوامل تعیین کننده روابط عشیره ای، ساختار سنتی روابط و تحولات درونی عمان متصالح نشان می دهد که در کنار سیاست های استعماری، پیوندهای عشیره ای و توان شیوخ در توسعه این گونه پیوندهای تعیین کننده محدوده نفوذ آنان در دوران شکل گیری مرزهای سیاسی بوده است. موضوع امنیت و منافع یا نیازهای عشیره ای، نقش تعیین کننده ای در ترسیم جایگاه شیوخ داشته است. این وضع تا اواخر سده 20م ادامه داشت که مفهوم مرز و ملت برای نخستین بار مطرح شد . این مقاله با رویکردی تحلیلی و با روش مطالعات کتابخانه ای، به دنبال پاسخ به این پرسش اساسی است که روابط عشیره ای و سازوکار قدرت شیوخ، چه جایگاهی در تغییرات ساختاری و تحولات تاریخی منتهی به شکل گیری امارات متحده عربی داشته است؟ در این میان با بررسی شواهد موجود، مجموع عوامل جغرافیایی و انسانی و تحولات تاریخی سده 13ق/19م را باید در فهم تحولات منتهی به قدرت یابی بنی یاس در امارات متحده، مد نظر قرار داد.Tribal Contexts and Historical Structures of Power and Borders in Trucial Oman (United Arab Emirates) (1800-1971)
Tribal relations and historical structures of power and border in Trucial Oman (United Arab Emirates) in the 13th and 14th centuries AH / 19th and 20th AD until the establishment of the United Arab Emirates in 1971 AD play a decisive role in recognizing the historical identity of the sheikhs of the Persian Gulf. The special geographical conditions of this region have created this special social situation for them. The importance of the issue of the role of tribal relations in drawing the borders of power and politics in the United Arab Emirates is due to its role in understanding the nature of the history of the developments of the southern coasts of the Persian Gulf during the last century. On the other hand, the political complexity of the borders caused by the relations between tribal systems and the primitive culture ruling an important part of the coastal and interior regions has increased the importance of the issue of the role of tribal relations in the process of building power and political boundaries in this region during the last two centuries. The determining factors of tribal relations, the traditional structure of relations and the internal developments of Trucial Oman show that along with colonial policies, tribal ties and the ability of sheikhs to develop such ties determined the scope of their influence during the formation of political borders. The issue of security and tribal interests or needs has played a decisive role in delineating the position of sheikhs. This situation continued until the end of the 20th century when the concept of border and nation was raised for the first time. This study, using an analytical approach and extensive library studies, seeks to answer this research question: what role did clan relations and the sheikh power mechanism play in the structural changes and historical developments leading to the formation of the United Arab Emirates? In the meantime, the examination of the available evidence of the total geographical and human factors and the historical developments of the 19th century should be taken into account in understanding the developments leading to the empowerment of Baniyas in the United Emirates.Keywords: Trucial Oman, Tribal Relations, Deira and Merz, Qawasem, BaniyasIntroductionThe United Arab Emirates, consisting of 7 sheikhdoms under the supervision and semi-official rule of Abu-Dhabi, has the most complicated political borders in the world. This complexity is largely due to its tribal nature at the stage of determining political borders in the 1950s and 1960s. The study of clan relations in the political history of the southern shores of the Persian Gulf helps the researcher in studying the historical developments of this region during the last two centuries. Tribal systems have played an important role in the formation of the new identity of the United Emirates and its border issues. Investigating the position of tribal relations in the power divisions, the role of the tribe in determining its boundaries, and the tribe's understanding of the border are important in the process of forming the boundaries of this region.In the conditions where the nomads considered their powers to be a kind of limitation of the livestock grazing area, obeying the senior sheikh and accepting his authority was only a recognition of the existence of a link or tribal alliance in order to deal with threats. Regarding the background of the research, the articles that have investigated the historical records of the seven emirates of this region or the clan system and demarcations should be taken into consideration. Among Iranian researchers, the issue of factors influencing the drawing of the political borders of the United Arab Emirates and its historical course has not been considered. In the book Borders in the Persian Gulf region, Jafari Veldani (1995) refers to the process of political demarcations and some border problems of the seven emirates in a general and passing way. This study reviewed tribal relations and the way power is divided among the tribes of this region, the concept of Deirah and its conceptual connection with the territorial boundaries of the southeastern coast of the Persian Gulf, the role of tribal ties in gaining power and weakening Qawasim and against the increasing influence of Baniyas and finally, their leadership in the United Arab Emirates.Materials and MethodsIn this research, the above-mentioned objective was examined using library sources and an analytical-descriptive method and referring to various sources, especially Persian Gulf historical and Geographical books about tribal contexts and historical structures of power and borders in the United Arab Emirates especially, from 1800 to 1971.Research FindingsThe research findings suggested that tribal relations in the United Arab Emirates, whether in the form of traditional relations or relations caused by colonial factors aligned or opposed to Baniyas and Qawasim, significantly affect the power and influence or isolation of Baniyas (Abu Dhabi), and Bani Katab (Dubai) has had an impact. However, England influenced the position and relations of Trucial Omani social groups in many ways. The policies of the leaders of the Baniyas and Qawasim tribes, which were effective in the formation of the United Arab Emirates in 1971, were a combination of Najd traditions and British colonial policies.Discussion of Results and ConclusionsThe southeastern regions of the Persian Gulf or Oman reconciled with Bedouin culture and in accordance with the cultural patterns of Najd, Arabia. The coastal regions are accessible to the interior Bedouins. Some nomads of the region were immigrants and had limited acquaintance with the Bedouins. Even though Qawasm was able to create a union with the culture at a point from the fall of Safavid to the beginning of Qajar, with the defeat in 1820 AD/1235 AH, they challenged the durability of Qawasm union with the help of British forces. Based on the culture and the power of Sheikh Arshad and due to the disintegration and establishment of scattered Sheikhs, the nomads of this region gradually were not in line with Ras al-Khaimah, and from the second half of the 19th century, the ground was paved for the influence of the sheikh of Abu-Dhabi due to the increasing connection with the nomads.Until the middle of the 19th century, due to the monopolistic policies of England and the strengthening of the tribal relations of the Baniyas with various branches living in the interior areas of Oman (Mutsaleh and Barimi, Zafara, Zahirah, Liwa, etc.), Abu Dhabi's sphere of influence increased within the Musandam and tribes and groups involved in fishing and desert tourism. Important tribes of Naimis of Zahira and Barimi, Zawahiris of Barimi, Mazarii, Manaseer, etc. joined the Baniyas union, and Bani Kitab, Bushams and Mazarii, who were close companions of the sheikhs of Ras al-Khasma, forced themselves out of the sphere of influence of Qawasim and joined the allies of Abu-Dhabi. The final circle of this process was completed in 1971 with the withdrawal of England from this region and the formation of the United Arab Emirates under the leadership of Abu-Dhabi.
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