شکار با قوش در عصر قاجار و کارکردهای آن (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
در عصر قاجار، شکار و شکارگری یکی از شیوه های متداول تفریح و سرگرمی محسوب می شد. در این دوره، شاه و اعضای خاندانش و حکام برخی مناطق، علاقه فراوانی به صید داشتند و به شیوه های متنوعی شکار می کردند. در این میان شکار با قوش، جایگاه ویژه ای در گذراندن اوقات درباریان و اعیان، به خصوص در عصر ناصرالدین شاه قاجار داشت. در این پژوهش به روش توصیفی - تحلیلی، به دنبال پاسخگویی به این پرسشیم که شکار با قوش، چه جایگاه و کارکردی (فردی و اجتماعی) در دوره قاجار داشت؟ یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهد قوش های شکاری در عصر قاجار، گونه های مختلفی داشتند و به راحتی قابلیت دسترسی نداشتند؛ به همین علت کسانی که با صرف هزینه های زیاد، قادر به تهیه پرندگان شکاری بودند، با استخدام قوشچی های ماهر، آنها را برای انواع شکار در شکارگاه مهیا می کردند. به دلیل هزینه های گزاف و سختی های مربوط به تعلیم و نگهداری از قوش، این شیوه شکار به یکی از سخت ترین شیوه های شکار تبدیل شده بود و تنها پادشاهان، حکام و شاهزادگان به طور گسترده، قادر به انجام این نوع شکار بودند. شکار با قوش در راستای اهدافی همچون تفریح و سرگرمی و نمایش بزرگی و مهارت فردی در شکار به کار گرفته می شد.Hunting with Ghoosh (Peregrine Falcon) in the Qajar era and its Functions
In the Qajar era, hunting was one of the common ways of entertainment. During this period, the king and his family members and the governors of some regions were very interested in hunting and hunted in various ways. In the meantime, hunting with peregrine falcons had a special place in the pastime of courtiers and nobles, especially during the era of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar. In this research, using the descriptive-analytical method, we seek to answer the following research question: What was the position and function (individual and social) of hunting with a goat in the Qajar period? The findings of the research show that those who were able to buy hunting birds by spending a lot of money, hired skilled bird hunters to prepare them for all kinds of hunting on the hunting grounds. Due to the high costs and difficulties related to training and maintaining the falcon, this method of hunting had become one of the most difficult methods of hunting, and only kings, governors, and princes were able to do this type of hunting on a large scale. Hunting with a hawk was used for purposes such as fun and entertainment and to show the greatness and skill of an individual in hunting.
Keywords: Qajar Era, Ghoosh (Peregrine Falcon), Ghooshchi, Kings, Function.
Introduction
Ghoosh (Peregrine Falcon) or the so-called hunting bird has different types and species. They are divided into two categories: yellow-eyed and black-eyed. In the Qajar era, these types of hunting birds were hunted in different ways, such as catching them by skilled hunters and other trained hunting birds. They were rarely purchased in the bird market. Each of the hunting birds, such as Falcon and Tarlan, was skilled in hunting and catching some animals, and this depended on the skills of their owners. In this era, the importance of hunting with falcons led to the creation of a position called “Ghooshci”, whose main duty was to take care of the royal hunting birds. He also used special tricks to prepare and train them for hunting, including how to fly the hunting birds, how to track prey and the hunting bird’s reaction after the hunt.
Materials and Methods
In this descriptive-analytical study, hunting by birds in the Qajar era and its functions are investigated using library sources. In this method, which took a long time, the Ghooshci had to consider the best way to hunt the hunting bird and train it. For this reason, due to its difficulties, hunting with a hunting bird had taken on a more royal form, and the general public was not able to do this type of hunting.
Research Findings
During the Qajar period, hunting was popular among different groups of Iranian people with various functions, especially livelihood. In the meantime, hunting with a peregrine falcon had special importance and place as one of the methods of hunting in the Qajar era. However, this method of hunting was very special and different from other traditional methods of hunting, and it required certain restrictions and conditions. First, the hunting birds that were used for hunting were not easily accessible, although some species were native to Iran, powerful hawks were generally imported from outside the borders. Second, hiring skilled hunters and spending a lot of money on training them created a lot of problems and financial burdens for the owners of hunting birds, even though with the spread of new hunting rifles, the hunting of various species of animals was very easy and extensive. Therefore, hunting with a peregrine falcon was very expensive, time-consuming, difficult, low-yield, and required a lot of preparation and skills. For this reason, hunting with a peregrine falcon was more common among the members of the royal family and the upper groups of the society.
Discussion of Results and Conclusions
Although during the era of the early Qajar kings, hunting peregrine falcons was popular, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, who devoted a large part of his life and recreation to hunting, was also skilled at hunting with peregrine falcons, so his reign can be considered the peak period in this regard. During the period of the following kings, this type of hunting fell off. On the other hand, some princes and governors were also skilled in this work and spent exorbitant costs on peregrine falcon breeding. During the Qajar period, hunting with peregrine falcons lost its livelihood function to a large extent. In addition to the aspect of entertainment and recreation, this method of hunting had various functions in terms of social and individual status for those who practiced it. In terms of social status, the public's lack of ability to maintain, train, and use peregrine falcons was considered a privilege for the owners of these types of hunting birds, and it was a kind of display of their wealth and greatness. In terms of individual status, due to the difficulties related to hunting with peregrine falcons, those who had this skill used it to show their art and skill.
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