واکاوی عوامل انزوای سیاسی اپاردیان در حکومت تیموریان (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
اپاردیان در زمره قبایل حاضر در الوس جغتای بوده اند که در عرصه سیاسی و نظامی آن سامان، نقش آفرینی کرده اند. آنان به دو بخش مستقل و به دو ناحیه غربی و شرقی تقسیم می شدند. سیر تاریخی این قبیله نشان می دهد اپاردیان هر دو ناحیه، با نزدیک شدن به انتهای حکومت تیموریان، اهمیت سیاسی خود را به تدریج از دست دادند. اپاردیان غربی به دلایل مختلف در زمان تیمور، انزوای کامل را در پیش گرفت و اپاردیان شرقی در زمان تیمور، کاملاً وفادارانه به تیمور خدمت کردند؛ اما پیشامدهای پس از تیمور سبب شد آنان نیز به تدریج راه اپاردیان غربی را طی کنند و به علل مختلف بیرونی و درونی، از اهمیت سیاسی شان کاسته شود. پژوهش حاضر با تکیه بر روش توصیفی-تحلیلی، در صدد پاسخ به این پرسش است که چه عواملی سبب انزوای سیاسی اپاردیان در حکومت تیموریان شده است؟ یافته های پژوهش نشان می دهند عوامل بیرونی و درونی متعددی در انزوای اپاردیان نقش داشته اند. عوامل بیرونی، عواملی اند که وقوع آنها به نوعی جبر زمانه بوده است و آنان نقشی در وقوع آ نها نداشته اند و تنها تدابیر مناسبی را در جهت منافعشان اتخاذ می کردند؛ اما برعکس، مسئولیت مستقیم عوامل درونی انزوا، بر عهده خودشان بوده است.Analyzing Factors of Political Isolation of the Apardians in the Timurid Government
The Apardians were a tribal group within the Chaghatai Ulus. They held a significant position in its political and military spheres. They were divided into two distinct factions, the western and eastern regions. The historical trajectory of this tribe revealed that as the rule of the Timurids neared its end, the Apardians gradually lost their political influence. For various reasons, the western Apardians chose to isolate themselves completely during the Timurid era. On the other hand, the eastern Apardians remained loyal to Timur, but the events following his rule led them to gradually adopt the path of the western Apardians. Due to a variety of internal and external factors, their political significance waned. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, this research aimed to address the following question: What were the factors contributing to the political isolation of the Apardians during the Timurid rule? The research findings suggested that both internal and external factors played a role in their isolation. External factors encompassed events that, to some extent, were unavoidable and over which they had no control. However, the direct responsibility for the internal factors of isolation rested with the Apardians themselves.
Keywords: The Apardians, Western Apardians, Eastern Apardians, Timurians, Chaghatai Ulus.
Introduction
Tribal societies have been a prominent feature throughout history and Transoxiana, an ancient human habitat, held significant importance akin to other key global regions. This region served as a crucial crossroad for nomadic migrations since ancient times and tribal life, alongside rural and urban social classes, persisted in Transoxiana. During the Mongol and Timurid periods, this social structure garnered considerable attention and influenced numerous contexts in Central and Western Asia. Despite demographic changes during the Mongol rule, tribes continued to play a pivotal role in the political and military landscape of Ulus. In this context, the Apardians as a tribe within the Chaghatai Ulus exerted a substantial influence on its political and military dynamics. Their contribution to the establishment, consolidation, and military endeavors of the Timurid government was undeniable. Through their allegiance to the Timurid royal court, the leaders of this tribe played a vital role in the formation, political advancement, military expansion, and legitimization of the Timurid rule amidst challenges from rival tribal leaders. However, their political trajectory during that era was characterized by a historical process of rise and fall rather than a unilateral approach. This research aimed to delve into and elucidate the political position of the Apardians during that historical period, drawing insights from the limited data and information available in Timurid historiographies.
Materials & Methods
Despite the significance of the Timurid government and the role of tribes in the political and military landscape of Chaghatai Ulus and the Timurid government, the previous research by scholars, such as Beatrice Forbes Manz, Ismail Aqa, Jean Aubin, and Harold Lamb, has provided valuable insights. However, the specific focus on the Apardian tribe and their relationship with the rulers of Chaghatai Ulus, particularly the Timurids, has not been independently addressed in the works of these researchers. While articles, such as 'Posts and Positions in Local Governments' by Shohistahon Uljaeva, 'Timur and the Emirate over Jaghtay' by Takuji Kawaguchi, and 'The Role of the Qara'unas Group in the Political and Military Interactions of the Timurid Government' by Alireza Sarijloo and Mohsen Bahramnejad, occasionally mentioned the Appardians, they did not align with the objective of this research. Therefore, this study aimed to pave a new path in this area of study and framed its investigation around the following question: What factors contributed to the political isolation of the Apardians? This question supported the hypothesis that the Timurids' pursuit of political centralization within Chaghatai Ulus, along with the internal and external characteristics of the Apardian tribe, led to a gradual decline and political isolation during that period in history.
Research Findings
The research findings suggested that a variety of factors, both internal and external to the tribe, could significantly impact the prosperity or isolation of the tribe. These factors influenced tribal relationships. One category of factors pertained to the policies adopted by tribal leaders, which could contribute to improved decision-making. However, another category was associated with factors beyond the control of tribal leaders, which we referred to as external factors.
Discussion of Results & Conclusion
By examining historical events, it became apparent that the Apardians were divided into the two eastern and western regions. The fates of these two regions differed significantly due to the behaviors of their respective leaders. Two main categories of factors contributed to the isolation of both regions. The first category consisted of external factors that were beyond the control of the Apardians and they could only leverage these factors for their political advantage. The second category comprised internal factors, for which the Apardians and their leaders were directly responsible.
Among the external factors leading to the isolation of the Western Apardians were neglecting the pivotal role of tribes in the political scene, misunderstanding the political atmosphere of the time, and susceptibility of the Western Apardian leader to external influences. On the internal side, repeated mistakes by the leader of this region towards Timur and insistence on wrong positions, possibly stemming from their sense of independence, led them to lose control during Timur's era. Timur chose a non-tribal leader for them, intensifying their isolation. However, the Eastern Apardians, unlike their Western counterparts, served Timur loyally and achieved high political positions. Their political insight appeared to have been more flexible than that of their Western peers as reflected positively in historical records. Yet, this did not imply that the Eastern Apardians were superior in their political life, but they were more compliant compared to the Western ones.
With Timur's death and the ensuing succession disputes, the political landscape of Ulus became turbulent and Timur's unique discourse faced threats of obliteration. The leader of the Eastern Apardians also made a miscalculation in choosing a successor in this complex political environment, marking the beginning of their isolation. For the Eastern Apardians, the external factors were more dominant than the internal ones. Factors like the political post-Timur situation, Shahrukh's sentiments and differences between his rule and Timur's, and the erosion of Timur's military campaigns and succession disputes, were pivotal. Upon reflection, it was evident that the Eastern Apardians became victims of events they were not primarily responsible for, leading to their isolation. In contrast, the Western Apardians' actions were more self-inflicted. They could have mitigated their situation by adopting a more prudent political strategy in Chaghatai Ulus. However, their strong sense of independence overshadowed other political considerations, ultimately leading to their obscurity in historical records.
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