ایالات گنجه و قراباغ براساس نسخ خطی دفترهای تحریر عثمانی (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
کمبود منابع در حوزه تاریخ اجتماعی ایران و به ویژه قفقاز، آگاهی تاریخی ما را محدود کرده است. در این میان، با توجه به جایگاه برجسته ای که اسناد در بین منابع مکتوب دارند، تکیه گاه مناسبی برای پژوهش های تاریخی محسوب می شوند و تکمیل یافته های تاریخی مورخان، ارزش تحقیقی و استنادی را به آنها می بخشد. قفقاز از دوره باستان تاکنون، به علت موقعیت راهبردی، مورد توجه حکومت های ایران و حتی فرامنطقهای قرار گرفته است. ظرفیت ها و پتانسیل های متنوع تجاری منطقه قفقاز، بستر مناسبی را برای رونق اقتصادی این ناحیه مهیا کرده است. در پژوهش حاضر سعی بر آن است تا پس از معرفی اجمالی نسخ خطی دفاتر تحریر عثمانی در دو مقطع «1001 تا 1003 ق و 1142 تا 1143.ق/ 1595 – 1593 م و 1733 - 1732 م»، بر اساس نسخ خطی منحصربه فرد «لوای گنجه»، اوضاع اجتماعی و اقتصادی ایالت گنجه و قراباغ بررسی شود. مقاله به صورت توصیفی - تحلیلی سازمان یافته است، بر اساس دستاوردهای پژوهش، نوع تقسیم ایالات به نواحی مختلف جمعیت شناسی، میزان و انواع مالیات ها، تولیدات کشاورزی، ترکیب قومی، انواع فعالیت های اقتصادی، میزان درآمد مالیاتی و سیر تحولات سیاسی منطقه، در مقاطع مختلف مشخص و تا حد امکان علل اقتصادی و اجتماعی مهاجرت ها و تغییرات اجتماعی تشریح شده است.The States of Ganja and Karabagh Based on the Manuscripts of Ottoman Notebooks
The scarcity of resources in the social history of Iran and particularly the Caucasus has hindered our historical understanding. Meanwhile, documents, as primary written sources, are deemed valuable for historical research, lending credibility and citation worth to historical findings. Given its strategic significance, the Caucasus has been a focal point for Iran's and regional governments' attention since ancient times. The diverse commercial potential of the Caucasus region has fostered an environment conducive to economic prosperity. This study aimed to shed light on the social and economic conditions of Ganja and Karabagh states, focusing on the manuscripts of Ottoman writings from two distinct periods, "1001 to 1003 A.H. and 1142 to 1143 A.H./1595-1593 AD and 1733-1732 AD", based on unique manuscripts. The article was structured in a descriptive-analytical manner, delving into research achievements, the demographic division of states, taxation, agricultural products, ethnic composition, economic activities, tax revenue, and political developments in the region. It identified economic and social drivers of migrations and elucidated social changes to the best extent possible.Keywords: Writing Offices, Ottoman, Caucasus, Ganja, KarabaghIntroductionIn the 16th century, corresponding to the 10th century AH, and again in the 18th century, corresponding to the 12th century AH, the Ottomans, upon capturing territories in the northwest of Iran, established administrative offices known as Tahrir offices. These offices were instrumental in recording intricate details of social, financial, and even political matters. Without delving into and studying the extant manuscript books, it is impossible to conduct a comprehensive and reliable research on these regions.The language used in these books is in the "Ottoman style," which has hitherto been overlooked by researchers in the field of Iranian historiography.The documents and manuscripts of the Ganja and Karabagh Brigades are housed in the archives of this country as part of the Turkish government's archives, which comprise approximately 1.24 million books and 100 million documents in two sections of documents and books. Among these manuscripts are the "Tapu Tahrir" notebooks registered in both forms of "detailed notebook" and "summary notebook", each prepared in duplicate.This study aimed to investigate the social and economic situation of Ganja and Karabagh states based on unique manuscripts of Ottoman writing books from two distinct periods, "1001 to 1003 A.H. and 1142 to 1143 A.H./1595-1593 AD and 1733-1732 AD," focusing on the Ganja Governor.Materials and MethodsThis research was conducted in a descriptive-analytical manner, drawing on research findings to delineate the demographic division of states, taxation specifics, agricultural produce, ethnic composition, types of economic activities, tax revenue, and trajectory of political developments in the region. It identified economic and social drivers of migrations and endeavors to expound on social changes to the fullest extent possible.According to the detailed office of Ganja (No. 903) related to Ganja-Karabagh State during the period of Ottoman Sultan, Ahmed III in 1139 A.H., 6 brigades were recorded in two books, namely Ganja, Halha, Barda, Arsbar, Bargshad, and Lori. A comparative analysis of these records revealed a reduction in the number of brigades in the administrative divisions during the subsequent period. By leveraging these data alongside the region's census, comprehensive insights into the local populace and social structure were obtained, which were either unavailable or scarce in Iranian sources. For instance, based on the 1139 A.H. census, the city of Ganja comprised an ethnic and religiously diverse population, with 564 unmarried non-Muslim individuals, empty unmarried houses, and a total population of 2860 people, including Jewish and Chaldean Nestorians. Each household was estimated to consist of 5 people plus singles. These data corroborated reports from other historical sources regarding the mass departure of pro-Safavi tribes from the city, along with their families, following its capture by the Ottomans.Research FindingsThe research findings indicated that the incomes of the states were derived from aqche collected from Zaamat Timar lands and special lands, taxes levied on products traded in markets, and government revenue sourced from guilds, herdsmen, and ordinary citizens often in the form of wedding customs. The population census of the states was based on marital status, number of households, and population count. Consequently, these offices, as revealed by the authentic first-hand documents of the research, held significant importance in comprehensively and profoundly understanding Iran's social and economic landscape.Discussion of Results & ConclusionThe study of Ganja and Qarabagh states, based on the manuscripts of Ganja, which were categorized into four versions, two of which pertained to the late Sultan Mohammad Khodabande (HQ: 986-996 AH) and two related to the period of Afghan domination, revealed valuable insights. According to the state registry office, Ganja-Qarabagh comprised seven brigades or districts, namely Ganja, Barda (Gargar), Hachen (Khachen), Nahanabad, Verande, Dizak, and Hekri (Hakri). The Ganja Brigade encompassed districts of Aran Ganja, Taghestan Ganja, Aran Shamkir, Aran Kurk Basan, Taghestan Sinurabad, Shetr, Yavlak, Danki, Aran Zakim, Tavus, and Aran Hassan.The research findings shed light on the income sources of the states, including aqche from Zaamat Timar and special lands, taxes on market-bound products, and government revenue from guilds, herdsmen, and ordinary citizens, often in the form of wedding customs. The population census of the states considered marital status and the number of households. Consequently, these offices supported by authentic first-hand documents were pivotal for gaining a comprehensive understanding of Iran's social and economic landscape.
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