کولبری و دلالت های هویتی آن: تحلیل مضمون روایت کولبران بانه (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
هدف پژوهش حاضر، مطالعه کولبری به مثابه سبک زندگی با دلالت های هویتی است. روش شناسی پژوهش، کیفی و از تحلیل مضمون در مقام روش و استراتژی مدیریت و تحلیل داده ها بهره گرفته شده است. میدان مطالعه شده، کولبران شهرستان بانه اند. برای گردآوری داده ها از مصاحبه نیمه ساختار یافته استفاده شد. در همین راستا 19 نفر از کولبران با روش نمونه گیری هدفمند و با حفظ حداکثر تنوع انتخاب شدند. بر مبنای تحلیل مضمونی داده ها، 4 مضمون اصلی به شرح زیر استخراج شد: در ارتباط با معانی کولبری، به دو مضمون اصلی «مبارزه برای حفظ کرامت» و «تجربه حیات برهنه» دست یافتیم. در ارتباط با دلالت های هویتی کولبری، دو مضمون اصلی «تردید در بازشناسی کولبر به مثابه ایرانی» و «قومیت به مثابه سپر محافظتی» به دست آمد. این همانی کُردبودن با کولبری، بازنمای طرد اجتماعی ساختاری مناطق مرزی است و بر دگردیسی کولبری از یک امر اقتصادی و معیشتی صرف، به کرداری سیاسی- فرهنگی و هویتی دلالت دارد که از سوی کولبران به شیوه ای مبدعانه فهم و تفسیر می شود و روایت مسلط را به چالش می کشد.Kolbari and Its Identity Implications: Thematic Analysis of the Narrative of Kolbars in Baneh
Introduction Baneh, located in Iranian Kurdistan, is a mountainous city situated near the border. Due to its distance from the city center and chronic underdevelopment, the border has emerged as a sustainable livelihood option for the region. Over the past few decades, a significant portion of the population in Baneh has come to depend on the border with "Kolbari" becoming a primary means of earning a living. The term "Kolbari" consists of two parts: "Kol", which in Kurdish means carrying a load by hand or on the shoulder, and "Bari", which means to carry. A Kolbar is an individual, who transports goods across rugged mountain paths from one side of the border to the other in exchange for wages. The lives of many border residents revolve around the practice of Kolbari. Today, Kolbari is not only a source of income or a common occupation, but it has also developed into a distinct lifestyle and subculture. From a sociological perspective, the role of lifestyle in shaping identity is undeniable. Therefore, the objective of this research was to examine the identity implications of Kolbari and its associated meanings. Materials and Methods The primary objective of this research was to explore the understanding of Kolbars in terms of their sense of otherness and the process of identification. To achieve this goal, a qualitative methodology and thematic analysis were deemed appropriate as the method and strategy for data management and analysis. Thematic analysis is a method used to identify and analyze patterns within qualitative data (Clarke & Braun, 2013: 1). The focus of this research was on individuals, who had a minimum of three years of experience as Kolbars in the city of Baneh and possessed a thorough understanding of this way of life. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews. A purposeful sampling approach was employed, selecting 19 Kolbars with an emphasis on maintaining maximum diversity among participants. The collected data were then analyzed using thematic analysis and data coding was facilitated using Maxqda software. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Despite being a compulsory phenomenon, Kolbari was perceived by most Kolbars as a matter of honor, a source of pride, and a means to protect human dignity. Kolbars viewed their experience as migrant labor as disrespectful to their Kurdish identity and a threat to their honor and security. Consequently, they interpreted Kolbari as a way to regain their honor and escape the dishonorable experiences associated with migrant work. The themes that emerged from the narratives of Kolbars indicated their willingness to endure the hardships of Kolbari in order to earn a "proud bread". Kolbari was seen as a means to escape subordination and reclaim a sense of liberation from otherness. Despite the challenging encounters with border institutions, experiences of disrespect, physical and psychological torture, and the subsequent harassment and expenses following arrests, it was important to avoid interpreting Kolbari solely as a result of structural coercion. Rather, it was necessary to understand how Kolbars themselves perceived and interpreted this occupation. Kolbars chose this profession over spying on their peers and colleagues, considering it an honorable occupation. Their narratives rejected the perception of Kolbari as involvement in smuggling or aggression. According to the interviewees, Kolbari was interpreted as a struggle for survival and a dignified means of livelihood that preserved their sense of dignity. On a macro level, Kolbari represented a form of social exclusion. It reflected power deprivation and double marginalization experienced by the Kurdish population. Additionally, Kolbari served as a platform for defining and redefining insider and outsider boundaries. It was influenced by Kurdish cultural differentiation and simultaneously shaped the identity of Kolbars in unique ways, calling for a distinct identity. These findings aligned with the results of Soleimani and Mohammadpour (2020). In the narratives, the confrontation between Kurdish Kolbars and non-Kurdish officers was often generalized to encompass all border and governance institutions. Therefore, when discussing otherness, Kolbars explicitly referred to border agents, institutions, and government representatives. One could interpret Kolbar's "transgression" of the border as an act of defiance against the government and a challenge to the official narrative surrounding borders.
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