جایگاه تیرتهنکره ها در اندیشه دینی آیین جین (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
آیین جین از ادیان کهن هند به شمار می رود که دیدگاه غیرخداباوری در بین مکاتب و باورهای هندی داشته و توانسته در سرزمین هند جایگاه ویژه ای به خود اختصاص دهد. یکی از باورهای مهم این دین، اعتقاد به تیرتهنکره است که پرستش و سرسپردگی به تعالیم آنان در نجات روح از بند اسارت سمساره مؤثر است. ظهور تیرتهنکره ها بر پایه یک نظم و هنجار کیهانی بی آغاز و انجام است و بر اساس ترکیبات خاص کرمه ای و معرفت روحی شان که در زندگانی های پیشین خود به دست آورده اند، در این مرتبه زاده شده و در پایان با مرگ خود به رهایی مطلق از بند سمساره می رسند. در پژوهش پیشِ رو با تحلیل منابع به روش کتابخانه ای، به ظهور تیرتهنکره ها در جهان هستی (زمین و از جمله در جهان های دیگر ) پرداخته و در ادامه، بررسی روحی و کرمه ای کالبدهای پیشین و کنونی تیرتهنکره ها و چگونگی دستیابی ایشان به رهایی مورد مداقه قرار گرفته است پژوهش حاضر جغرافیای ظهور تیرتهنکره ها در جهان هستی و ارتباط آن با وضعیت روحی کرمه ای یک فرد برای رسیدن به این جایگاه را نشان می دهد. بررسی کلی بیانگر آن است که نگاهی جبرانگارانه در ارتباط با ارواحی که سرانجام بدین مقام دست می یابند، وجود دارد.The place of Tirtankara in the religious thought of Jain
Jain religion is one of the ancient religions of India which has had an atheistic view among Indian schools and beliefs and has been able to occupy a special place in the land of India. One of the important beliefs of this religion is the belief in the Tirtankara which suggests that worship and submission to their teachings is effective in saving the soul from the bondage of Samsara. Tirtankaras can appear in the Middle World Based on a cosmic order and norm without beginning and end, and based on their special Karma compositions and special spiritual knowledge in their previous lives in this rate: And after a period of austerity and spiritual purification in their last material body, they reach this position and, in the end, with their death, they reach absolute liberation from the bondage of Samsara. In the present study, by analyzing the sources, the emergence of Tirtankara in the universe (Earth and including other worlds) has been studied and psychological study of the past and present bodies of Tirtankara and how they achieve liberation from other parts of the research. The present study shows that a kind of deterministic view has overshadowed the whole world history of Jain in connection with the emergence of certain spirits in the body of Tirtankara. IntroductionJainism is one of the ancient and indigenous religions of India, which was originally founded by the first Tirthankara called Varishbeh or Raishbeh and After her, 23 other Tirthankara appear, the last of which is the Mahavira of Buddhist ascetics in the fifth century BC. Recognizing and practicing Tirthankara has a high status among the followers of Jain, and although the Jains claim to have been billions of years ago, the relatively long biographies of each Tirthankara and their previous lives are provided in Jain texts. In addition, in their temples, there are adorned statues of arrows that attention and meditation on them is part of their worship rituals. In this article, due to the importance of Tirthankara, only this issue has been addressed and a comprehensive summary of Jainism cosmology related to the geography of Tirthankara and the brief reference to the life of Jain-index Tirthankara has been provided. Also, their previous and current mental and physical condition, how they achieved the position of archetype, their similarities and saving or sucking a Tirthankara from the cycle of reincarnation are other issues in the present article.1.1. Research MethodologyDue to the limitations of field research, this research is purely library-based. The authors have tried to use reliable sources in this regard and after taking notes, have analyzed them. In the discussion of the present Tirthankara jain, it has been also paid attention to the writing of one of the leaders of this Tirthankara in India named Dadashri. DiscussionThe term Tirtankara means the builder of the path of domination and means the path of domination over the samsara and the liberation of the soul from this cycle. They are the prophets of Jainism and the promoters of austerity in the land of India, who were not aroused by the Creator but reached this position in the shadow of individual austerity and Karameh preparation and Karameh structure stored in their souls and propagated this religion and renewed the covenant. There are three types of Tirthankaras: 1. Past Tirthankaras 2. Present Tirtankaras 3. Future Tirthankaras. Understanding the geography of their presence and emergence depends on a general knowledge of Jainism cosmology. Jain paintings depict the entire universe as a cosmic woman with her legs spread apart and her hands on her hips.According to this image, from the sole of the foot to the abdomen of the underworld (hell), his abdomen forms the middle world (human habitat) and his chest part forms the upper world (the sphere of the heavenly gods) and at its head, the sphere of liberated spirits.(According to the existing designs) The left and right sides of this design are surrounded by a space of nothingness or emptiness (Alokakās’a) where none of the essences of time, matter, movement and stillness are present. In this plan, the Middle World is the site of the emergence of Tirthankara and their emergence is not limited to the Earth. In other parts of the world, Mercury is also emerging, which is the most important and living Tirthankara in the Middle World and outside the Earth. In the Indian state of Gujarat, temples have been erected in his honor and he has a shrine.The tradition of their emergence is a perpetual and eternal tradition because Jainism is a non-god belief and matter and material creatures are eternal and divide only world history into two descending and ascending half cycles, the first half of which is progressing towards moral degeneration and the second is moving towards transcendence and the golden age. Humans and only 24 Mercury appear in each half-cycle, and this is equivalent to a cosmic day and night, but this whole cycle is without beginning.These planets have a series of commonalities in their material and spiritual life, which distinguish them from other human beings.Here is another principle that is important called Behwitwa and Abhwitwa.Behaviorists are spirits who are destined to achieve liberation, and the spirits of Mercury are also in this category of spirits, and the potential talent for achieving liberation lies in them and only needs to flourish completely. Another important principle is the Karameh substance; the cream is a delicate substance and due to physical and mental actions, it coexists with the soul and has two types of good and bad. Between these two types of good Karamehs, one is Tirtankareh-e-Karameh and the other is Shobeh-e-Gratreh-e-Karameh, respectively, which provides a person with reincarnation on the way to the birth of a newborn with special mental abilities in the caste or military class.A spirit of Samsara, which is to be liberated according to the principle of Bhutto (or eternal destiny), must climb the ladder of 14 steps of spiritual advancement.He went through 11 steps in the previous reincarnations and 3 steps in the last body, and it is in this fourteenth step that he achieved absolute knowledge and began to propagate and renew the covenant of the previous archers, and to the position of archers and force before him. Death is achieved, and the next step is the suction or force after death, in which the soul is saved from the cycle of the tornado forever. ConclusionBy examining the time cycle, it is determined that human beings, over time, with the growth of materialism and civilization, suffer Karameh-producing factors such as greed, which is the strongest factor.Suffering greed begins to grow, and as a result, human beings need a way to get rid of it. Other human beings have distanced themselves from their golden and ideal age and the need for the appearance of Mercury is increasing, and as a result, Mercury is emerging. The condition for the emergence of a beam is to obtain two types of special Karameh material, which can be achieved because of spiritual progress on the gravel ladder. Of course, the role of destiny, according to the theory of Bhuvitva and Abhuvitva, plays an important role in the person to become Tirthankara. A Tirthankara arrives at Mokshe after death and survives the cycle of reincarnation forever. ReferencesAbolghāsmi, M. (1997). Rāhnamāye zabānhāye Bāstāni, Vol. 2, Tehran, Samt.Amarmuni. (1995). 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