ارائه چارچوبی تحلیلی برای سنجش الگوی شبکه معابر: مقایسه تطبیقی محدوده های خودسازمان یافته شهر تهران (مقاله علمی وزارت علوم)
درجه علمی: نشریه علمی (وزارت علوم)
آرشیو
چکیده
فرم شهری نمایانگر ویژگی های کالبدی شهر و فرایندهای غیر کالبدی (اقتصادی، اجتماعی و سیاسی) نمود یافته در کالبد است و شبکه معابر یکی از اجزای مهم و پایدار آن محسوب می شود. این مقاله درصدد آن است تا با ارائه یک چارچوب تحلیلی و معرفی شاخص های مناسبی که وجوه مختلفی از الگوهای شبکه معابر را هدف قرار می دهند، امکان بازشناسی روش مند این الگوها را فراهم آورد و در این فرایند، سه بُعد پیکره بندی، ترکیب بندی و ساخت (که به این ترتیب با شاخص های توپولوژیک، ریخت شناسی و متریک متناظرند) را به کار گرفته است. نوآوری پژوهش را نیز می توان در دو جنبه به کارگیری رهیافت شبکه در مدل سازی (در مقابل توصیفات کیفیِ متداول در پژوهش های داخلی) و تولید چارچوب تحلیلی با انباشت مجموعه شاخص های متفاوت و متناسب با اطلاعات در دسترس، برشمرد. پژوهش پیشرو به تحلیل الگوهای شبکه معابر (که به دودسته خود سازمان یافته و از پیش طراحی شده تقسیم بندی می شود) در محدوده های خود سازمان یافته که بدون هیچ طرح از پیش اندیشیده شده ای طی زمان به وجود آمده اند (و عموماً بی نظم، تودرتو و پرپیچ وخم توصیف می شوند) می پردازد و ویژگی ها و قاعده مندی های مشترک حاکم بر آن ها و وجوه تشابه و تفاوت آن ها را ردیابی می نماید. به کارگیری چارچوب تحلیلی در پانزده محدوده مطالعاتی خود سازمان یافته در شهر تهران نشانگر آن است که نه تنها الگوی پیکره بندی شبکه معابر در تمامی محدوده ها با یکدیگر مشابه و از نوع T-tree است، بلکه تحلیل های تری پلات انجام شده هم مؤید تشابه الگوی ترکیب بندی و ساخت شبکه معابر در این محدوده ها علی رغم وجود برخی تفاوت ها است که از وجود نظمی مشابه اما پیچیده و پنهان در آن ها حکایت دارد.Develop an Analytical Framework for Studying Street Pattern; Comparative Study of Street Network Pattern in Self-Organized Districts of Tehran
Introduction: The urban form can be considered as a set of elements of which the street network is one of the most important components. It is divided into two categories: self-organized and pre-designed networks. While the latter evolved by large-scale barriers of economic and social constraints in a short period of time, the former does not imposed by any central agency, but rather, sprouts out from the uncoordinated contribution of countless local agents during the time (Jacobs, 1961). Still today, self-organized street networks are often underestimated in their most fundamental values, and they are described as disordered (Porta et al, 2006a) complicated, and convoluted; but, the identification of common features and their regularities has become a field of research. Against this modernist stigmatization, some (like Jacobs) argued that, unlike the Euclidean geometry in the pre-designed networks, the marvelous complex order of the self-organized networks is not visible at a first glance. That order, is the order of life (Jacobs, 1961) which is such a complex order that, is common among other non-geographical biologic, social, or natural systems. These claims led to a wave of studies from the early 1960s on the analysis of the patterns of the street network and its components using the graph theory framework, which sought to identify the characteristics of the street network of old self-organized neighborhoods and the complex order embedded in them. With this introduction, the current research has been done to find similarities and dissimilarities in street network patterns of self-organized districts that have emerged without any premeditated designs over time. This article also seeks to develop an analytical framework composed of deifferent indicators that target various aspects of the street network patterns, to enable the recognition of these similarities and differences. For this reason, first, three concepts: 1) configuration, 2) composition, and 3) constitution has been distinguished in studying street patterns. Then, the corresponding measures have been introduced and evaluated in 15 self-organized districts in Tehran, which meticulously have been selected as case, and their street networks have been drawn. In the third stage, values have been compared with a three-plot analysis, and street network similarities and dissimilarities have been traced. Methodology: The quantitative method is used in this research and to compare and analysis of the street network pattern in self-organized districts of Tehran. Based on the background of the research and theoretical framework, this comparison has been done using three types of indices which are 1) topological, 2) morphological, and 3) metric indicators which correspond to the three concepts of the street networks. In Table 1, the corresponded defined measures and related equations have presented. Table1: Measures and their equations related to three concepts of the street networks Concept Index Measure Equation Configuration Topological Degree Mean (DM) (Cu*1+T*3+X*4 )/(Cu+T+X) Beta (β) l/v Gamma (γ) l/((v (v-1))/2) T-ratio T/(T+X) X-ratio X/(T+X) Cell-ratio C/(C+Cu) Cul-ratio Cu/(C+Cu) Composition Morphological Shape Factor ShF (N) ShF (p)=(P_p^2)/A_p ShF (N)= (∑_(p=1)^n▒〖ShF (p)〗)/C Link Length Mean per Hectare (LLMH) (∑_(l=1)^L▒〖ll〗_l )/A Cell Area Mean (CellAM) (∑_(c=1)^C▒〖CA〗_p )/C Constitution Metric Link Density (LD) l/A Vertices Density (VD) v/A Link Length Mean (LLM) ∑_(l=1)^L▒〖ll〗_l Key l number of Links in the network T number of T-Junctions in the network v number of Vertices in the network X number of X-Junctions in the network A area of District P_p perimeter of Cell p C number of Cells in the network A_p area of Cell p Cu number of Culls in the network 〖ll〗_l length of link l Results and discussion: Similarities: The results show that not only the configuration of the street network in all studied self-organized districts is similar to each other (T-tree) which is different from other configurations in the grid (X-cell), loop and cul-de-sac (X-tree), and fused grid (T-cell) networks but also the Three-plot analysis confirms the similarity of the street network composition and construction in these areas: In most of the districts, along with the increase in the relative beta (Rβ) index, the relative degree means of the vertices (RDM) increases at a similar rate. In most of the districts, along with the increase in the relative shape factor index of the blocks (RShF(n)), the relative average area of the blocks (RCellAM) also increases at a relatively similar rate. In most of the districts, along with the increase in the relative vertices density (RVD) index, the relative density of links (RLD) also increases at a relatively similar rate. Differences: Despite the many similarities, some differences were also traced between these districts, which in order to better understanding, the 15 studied districts are classified into three categories as follows: Consisting relatively large and serrated blocks, with scattered and long links, low number of intersections, and many dead cul-de-sac like Ozgol (J) and Dezashib (K) districts; Consisting relatively small and simple blocks, with dense and short links, more intersections, and a low number of dead cul-de-sac like Emamzadeghasem (A) and Farahzad (H) districts; Consisting other districts that have a combination of simple and serrated blocks of medium size and a number of dead-end and open links. Conclusion: The very similarity between the pattern of the street networks in the studied self-organized districts, which are evolved gradually over time in uncoordinated contribution and without any premeditated plan, is not accidental but displays a complex and surprising order. This order shows the behavioural ruls that result in preferential attachment in different environmental conditions. These subconscious patterns are the product of a dynamic process in which empirical skills gradually mature through transfer and repetition and results in a self-organizing structure that continuously regulates the interaction of form and context. This interaction creates a pattern of the street network that exhibits the same order in different geographical districts. Keywords: Street Network Pattern, Configuration, Composition, Constitution, self-organized