Shannon Entropy

INTRODUCTION: The natural hazard reduction curriculum is incredibly critical in facilitating and improving students' safety culture. Thus, we must attend to the content of textbooks to further comprehend the significance of safety issues regarding the process of student safety. The next step is developing a training program that meets all the fundamental needs of safety education. Hence, this research study strives to evaluate the position of safety culture education in elementary school textbooks. METHODS: This research is a quantitative content analysis borrowing a qualitative approach. The statistical population comprised all books on Persian language and literature, experimental sciences, and social studies in all the six primary levels. Counting was the sampling method in the present study. Experts in curriculum planning and health education confirmed the validity of this research. Moreover, the Scott test obtained a reliability of 0.72. FINDINGS: The findings of content analysis in assessing elementary school textbooks based on the Shannon Entropy method indicated that the following indices have the highest frequency and significance: Risk and disaster awareness in 150 samples (Wj = 0.273(, Communication skills, awareness of the environment, and human-environmental interactions with 46 samples (Wj = 0.0666(, On the contrary, the index of child rights aspects with zero cases (Wj = 0) was the least significant among the indices and components.Findings from the frequency of components revealed that safety culture components were not normally distributed. CONCLUSION: According to the research findings, we found out that the components in the fields of skill and attitude have received little to no attention. However, nurturing and promoting the capabilities and skills of children in the field of safety are some of the most vital indices of child safety. Contemplating these aspects will assist in properly performing relief, emergency, and law enforcement missions by preventing disasters. Keywords: Content Analysis; Presumptions of Natural Hazard Reduction; Red Crescent Society; Safety Culture Education; Shannon Entropy.

Criteria weighting is a crucial step in the entire decision-making process. Determining the appropriate weights will lead to more reliable results. This study aims to use a coalitional game method for calculating proper criteria weights in multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM). In this paper, the Shapley value method is used to determine the weight of criteria. A numerical case study of 65 banks has been used to explain the efficiency of the proposed method. To this end, using the TOPSIS technique, the alternatives are ranked once in Shapley value and again in the Shannon entropy weighted matrix. Then the results are obtained applying Spearman rank correlation coefficient are compared to efficiency-based ranking using data envelopment analysis (DEA) as a powerful benchmarking method. In the proposed method, unlike many conventional weighting methods, the selection of criteria weights is made in a coalitional game with the participation of all criteria; the obtained weights are both intuitively and objectively fairer, and more reliable rankings are provided. According to the logical and fair calculation of weights, having a simple and understandable mathematical method, and no need for experts’ judgment, the proposed method can be used in real problems. Especially where realistic ranking has a significant impact on the equitable allocation and absorption of resources.

Land use is often referred as the basis for urban planning. Perhaps the main reason is that the discussion of fundamental related to urban planning objectives has play the first role in the land use studies. Basic topics such as proper location, optimal allocation, diversification, functionality and &hellip which are in direct contact with comfort goals, are the last objectives of urban planners and designers. One of the major issue, which has been paid less attention to, is the incorporation of urban land use. In this paper, which were prepared to assess the incorporation of urban land use and its role in urban sustainability, tried to measure the rate of the incorporation of seven metropolitan areas of Ahvaz by using the Shannon entropy and the latest statistics of related to per capita and percentage of exist land use. The results indicate that the region number one is incorporation than the other regions in terms of land use incorporation, but in general this indicator in the seven regions had little effect on urban sustainability.

EXTENDED ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study is to analyze the concept of "developed man" and determine the degree to which attention is paid in the Fundamental Transformation Document (FTD) in education in Iran approved in December 2011. This concept has been developed based on the theoretical basics of classical economics on description of "economic man" and also the Engels’s theory on the description of "modern man" and with regard to some of adapted and localized national and Islamic ideas and beliefs. What is meant by "Developed man" in this research is a person whose attitude and opinion has been developed and has the ability to turn the country's resources into wealth and prosperity for the people of society.  METHODOLOGY The instrument by which one can measure it, is a researcher-made content analysis checklist that involves 25 characteristics for developed human, and its face reliability and validity have been also verified and ranked by subject matter experts. Shannon entropy indices have been used to determine the importance and ranking of developed human components. In order to achieve a valid explanation and transparent results in this study, some important and fundamental concepts and components that were analyzed in the literature reviewing this document and their frequency was determined, were selected, and their frequency was compared with the total frequency of developed human components in the transformation document text. FINDINGS By use of word-counting the whole text of the Fundamental Transformation Document of education system, it also became evident that only about 1% (113 words out of 10914 words available) of this 64-page document are dedicated to the components of developed human and as a result it can be said that with regard to the weight and importance of the economy and its related issues in the country (such as unemployment, weak attitudes and skills of wealth creation and lack of efforts to increase production and improve public living and poverty alleviation) from the leaders and policymakers viewpoint, especially. CONCLUSION In recent decades, little emphasis and attention has been paid to developed human, and accordingly, it is worthwhile to pay close attention to these components in revision of the Transformation Document text.