thematic analysis

Purpose: Parental involvement in education is widely recognized as a critical factor influencing children's academic success. This qualitative study seeks to explore the varied aspects of parental engagement and understand its direct and indirect effects on student outcomes. The objective is to delineate how different forms of involvement contribute to academic achievement and to identify the barriers that parents face in engaging with their children's educational processes. Methodology: The study employed a qualitative methodology, focusing exclusively on semi-structured interviews to gather comprehensive data from 24 participants, including parents, students, and teachers. The interviews aimed at achieving theoretical saturation and were analyzed using NVivo software to facilitate a thorough thematic analysis. The participant selection was purposive, ensuring a diverse demographic representation to capture a wide range of experiences and insights. Findings: Three main themes were identified from the analysis: Types of Parental Involvement, Impact of Involvement on Student Outcomes, and Barriers to Parental Involvement. Under these themes, multiple categories were explored, such as Emotional Support, Academic Assistance, and Financial Support, which significantly enhanced academic performance and student well-being. Barriers identified included work and time constraints, economic factors, and cultural attitudes, which hindered effective parental engagement. Conclusion: The study underscores the significant positive effects of diverse types of parental involvement on students' academic outcomes and emotional well-being. It also highlights several socio-economic and cultural barriers that can restrict parental engagement. Addressing these barriers is crucial for facilitating more effective parental involvement, which is essential for optimizing student achievement.

Purpose: In the context of rapidly evolving digital landscapes, digital media literacy has become a foundational element in primary education, crucial for preparing students to navigate and influence their digital surroundings effectively. This study aims to identify and describe the key components of digital media literacy as taught in primary schools, focusing on the insights of faculty members from Iran to understand how these components are integrated into the educational system. Methodology: Employing a qualitative research design, this study gathered data through semi-structured interviews with 21 faculty members who are directly involved in teaching digital media literacy in primary schools across Iran. Theoretical saturation was achieved to ensure comprehensive coverage of the concepts. Data were analyzed using NVivo software to facilitate a thorough thematic analysis, identifying the core components of digital media literacy education. Findings: The analysis revealed five main themes central to digital media literacy in primary education: Transfer, Usage, and Digital Competence; Computer Fundamentals; Online Basics Skills; Word Processing, Spreadsheet, and Presentation Skills; and Database and Data Security Skills. Each theme comprised several categories that detailed specific skills and knowledge areas essential for comprehensive digital literacy, ranging from basic computer operations to advanced data management and security. Conclusion: The study underscores the importance of a robust digital media literacy curriculum in primary education, highlighting specific skills that are crucial for students' development as competent digital citizens. It also points to the need for ongoing teacher training to keep pace with technological advancements, ensuring that educators are well-equipped to impart these essential skills.

Technological development, especially over the past few years has influenced the quality of human lives considerably. According to the World Tourism Organization, the internet plays a crucial role in tourism, since it provides an opportunity for access to tourists across the world and it has the most audience compared to conventional media. Therefore, the main objective of this research is to study the short videos created on the Instagram platform for sustainable cross-cultural communication management in the cases of Iran and Oman. Among 50 Instagram pages related to Iran and Oman, only 10 pages were selected based on defined criteria and were studied using the thematic analysis method. The main discovered themes were commercial tourism (which includes sub-themes of company registration, exports, imports, skilled workers immigration); cultural tourism (which includes sub-themes of cultural similarities, cultural differences, and diplomatic relations between two countries); medical tourism (including sub-themes of Shiraz medical centers, Tehran medical centers, Ramsar health tourism, and the unknown destinations of health tourism in Iran); recreational tourism (which includes sub-themes of cruise ships, recreational Islands, desert tours, culinary tourism and restaurants, the unknown sights of Oman, and recreational tourism in Iran) and lastly ecotourism (including sub-themes of ecotourism in Iran and Oman). In general, all the discovered themes were about the sustainable cross-cultural communication between Iran and Oman.

The sharing business model (SBM) has introduced a new type of business model that combines collaborative technologies with idle resources to improve product and service utilization efficiency. However, in recent years, the sharing economy has had a tremendous impact on the tourism business. While some initially suggest that the sharing economy (SE) is beneficial to sustainability, we believe that extensive adoption may have unwanted consequences due to negative cultural effects in tourism. This study uses a thematic analysis to classify SBM's cultural dark side. Using a systematic literature review approach and the PRISMA protocol on 117 eligible papers, we identify ten negative cultural effects: nuisance for local residents, unethical practices, perceived risk, social inequality, customer misbehavior, safety concerns, employee rights violations, lobbying, consumerism, and overcrowding. These negative effects are impacting tourism's cultural sustainability. We also help to develop a framework for SBM's cultural sustainability in tourism. The framework suggests some cultural sustainability strategies, such as affordable and accessible products, the development of a niche market, local empowerment, simple production, and ease of use. We address the theoretical and practical implications, as well as the limitations. Finally, we discussed future research in three major directions.