مطالب

Soil is among the cheapest and most available materials found in the human living environment. Seeking refuge in the heart of earth and benefitting from soil’s thermal property, based on experience, is a strategy employed in the past across some regions. Also the passive systems are amongst the cheapest methods of providing heating and cooling demands of the buildings. These systems experience the lowest impact of environmental degradation while increasing the energy efficiency of the building through decreasing heat gain and loss. The idea of the earth-sheltered buildings is amongst the passive construction that has been embraced by the architects. An earth-sheltered building, as a passive idea, can guarantee, extensively, the reduction of energy consumption and provides the required conditions for thermal comfort. The present study discusses and investigates the thermal performance of earth-sheltered residential buildings in Yazd city of Iran. To predict this type of constructional thermal behavior, subsequent to field and library studies, thermal simulation was employed using Energy Plus software. Energy Plus software is able to simulate the envelopes adjacent to soil. The simulation process is conducted through depth changing of the soil surrounding the sample, assuming its thermal properties are constant. Considering to the results, by increasing the depth of sheltering in amount of soil, its energy consumption saving will increase. In this situation annual temperature fluctuation decreases 50% and it saves about 67% of energy consumption. In addition the most hours set on thermal comfort zone. This subject adds 50 more days to annual Earth-Sheltered acceptable thermal comfort conditions. Moreover due to investigating of the building orientation as an effective element for energy consumption, south orientation is specified as the best position for energy reduction in Earth-Sheltered.

In this paper, parametric modeling of five types of common used motifs in Islamic-Iranian architecture including Hashte-Chahar-Lengeh, Hashte-Panj, Hashte-Bazoubandi, Chahar-Lengeh-AlmasTarash and Table Khofte Rasteh are carried out. These motifs are selected because of low condensate of members and the ability to construct them appropriately as load barring rod elements in the dome space structure of slow Shabdari arch. Hence, motifs are projected on the geometry of slow Shabdari arch to create a dome space structure. The problem of parametric modeling of motifs is done in two cases of changing the number of basic modules and changing module production parameters. In the first case, the projection algorithm of basic modules depends on the dissemination coefficients representing the number of modules’ proliferation in horizontal and vertical direction of dome. In this case, the aim is to create sparse or delicate networks based on the form of fixed basic module. In the second case, the parameters used in the algorithm of basic modules themselves relies on the dissemination coefficients to produce new modules based on the considered motifs. Computer simulations for the second case of the problem of motifs’ parametric modeling show that, through a proper choice of the dissemination coefficients, slow Shabdari arch can be converted to common dome space structures such as lamella and ribbed domes.

Stability analysis is one of the most important fields of study in the Islamic banking and finance industry. For measuring stability in Islamic banking, we introduced, for the first time, an Islamic banking stability index (IBS) during 2013 to 2016 which use all CAMEL factors and so seems to be more comprehensive than Z-score stability index which dominantly used in the existing literatures. To find the macroeconomic determinants of Islamic banking stability on IBS index, we have developed Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) using smoothing splines. GAMs provide a general framework for extending a standard linear model by allowing non-linear functions of each of the variables, while maintaining additivity. The results show that the proposed models have more predictability when compared by a linear counterpart. It is also concluded that Money Growth and Domestic Credit as a percentage of GDP in each year are inversely related to the Islamic banking stability of the next year. JEL Classification:

The concept of anxiety occupies a crucial position in early Heidegger’s writings. Most prominently, it appears in Being and Time (1927) and “What is Metaphysics?” (1929) as a structurally central concept. After 1920s, Heidegger began to use the term much less frequently, leading some scholars to suggest a change in Heidegger’s view of the significance of the concept of anxiety. In this essay, we argue that central to the understanding of the role of anxiety in Heidegger’s thought is the fundamental difference between Heideggerian and psychological anxiety. This distinction is crucial as it is directly connected to the idea of the ontological difference, i.e., the difference between the ontical and the ontological, between beings and the Being of beings. Psychological descriptions of anxiety remain at the level of the ontical and, therefore, fall short of comprehending the ontological meaning of Heideggerian anxiety, which is one of Dasein’s basic possibilities of Being. Equipped with such an ontological understanding, we argue that the concept of anxiety remained central to Heidegger’s thought, early and late alike. We also suggest that Heidegger’s less frequent use of the term anxiety after “What Is Metaphysics?” could possibly be associated with his recognition that its terminological similarity with psychological anxiety may become a source of misunderstandings. Moreover, in the last section of the essay which functions as an addendum, we engage with Freud’s analysis of the uncanny and examine its relation to Heidegger’s Being-not-at-home. We argue that although Freud’s analysis of the uncanny does, in a sense, open up horizons beyond the reach of empirical psychology, his quasi-scientific quest for causal explanation ultimately remains within the framework of an ontical analysis.

This article attempts to explain democratization in Iran through an elite-oriented approach. According to this approach, the success and failure of democratization depends on the political elite strategy. My argument is that the fate of democratization is determined by elite strategies. If their strategy is considered suppressive, an authoritarian cycle will take place in the transition stage, but if the political elite strategy is considered non-suppressive, the index of democratic transition increases. In this study, the political elites are divided into two groups: conservatives and reformists. The analysis method is historical-narrative technique. The empirical findings indicate that whenever the hardliners inside the government are stronger than the opposition groups, they constrain the democratization by suppressing the opposition (moderates and reformists), which leads to a decrease in the index of democratic transition, as exemplified in the 13 th parliamentary in 1941. Whenever the reformers are stronger than the conservatives and they are allowed to participate in elections, the index of democratic transition tends to increase, as shown in the 17 th parliament under the rule of Mușaddiq and the 7 th presidential elections after the 1979 Revolution. The data demonstrates that democratization is still fragile in Iran and it’s the fate would be determined by the relative power of reformists and conservatives. As a result, I argue that Iran’s democratic transition is fragile and it’s the fate is determined by the relative power of reformists and conservatives.

At first glance, myths are considered as the old stories but, the truth is that they are the product of a way of man’s wise thinking which have survived in the form of narration and action. Ad the myths answer to the man’s needs of world-knowing , they continue living, in the modern world and by the help of science, through accordance with the mental frames of man. One of the newest fields that benefiting from its capacities help in myth renovation is internet technology. The spread of this wide web has changed it to a modern environment. The subject of digital body in this new environment and its capacities on achieving the collective goals set the ground for the formation of mythical meanings and concepts which challenge the scientific wisdom. Therefore, this research analyzes the capacities of this media in developing the new mythical concepts based on the contemporary myth theory of Roland Barrett and the mythical analysis of Louie Straus . The method is descriptive-analytic and based on the library resources. The results revel that in this modern environment, reality, idealism and fantasy are interwoven in the form of old archetypes and have changed the validity of many concepts. Thinking about Creation, escape from prohibition, simultaneous presence, excess of time and place, unified world, dominance over loneliness and the wishes that came true through the myths, now form a modern thinking horizon in a vital, interactive and experimental environment which renovates the myths inside this worldwide web.

The Islamic religion is a global phenomenon and keeps expanding rapidly. Muslim law, like personal laws of other religious groups, is today facing several challenges from within the community as well as from outside. This is but natural in an era of unprecedented changes in societies everywhere. As a matter of fact, Islamic law like any other law is in need of reform. The urgency lies in the application of contemporary standards of principle of legality, equality, dignity and individual rights in matters relating to criminal law and marriage, divorce, inheritance, guardianship, maintenance and other social contemporary problems. Although religious scholars effectively terminated the practice of ijtihad five hundred years ago, the principles of interpretation are well established and hence; the need for contemporary interpretation is compelling. The practice of the Companions , the Successors and the leading Mujtahidun of the past tends to suggest that they enacted laws and took measures in pursuance of maslahah (issues) despite the lack of textual authority to validate them. Egypt is often taken as an example for a distinctively Islam nation and in the Western world it is often assumed that its legislation is based on Islamic principles. In recent years, the Iranian system has established the Exigency Council to resolve conflict between bodies like the Guardian Council and the Islamic Consultative Assembly, with regard to Islamic and criminal law's contemporary issues.

One of the essential problems of urban planning and management in Iran is the failure of implementation and execution of urban development plans. The studies show that lack or poor level of citizen participation is one of the influential reasons to that. So, it is evident that there is a need for “bottom-up” and “community based” sustainable solutions for urban problems. Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD), as an alternative to the commonly need-based approach, is based on identifying and mobilizing assets and capacities (although not being very much) in communities and emphasizes on participation in order to accelerate development. This paper would review the application of ABCD approach and evaluation its efficiency in a residential deteriorated neighborhood of Tehran (Emamzadeh Hassan Mohalla), with specific spatial characteristics and religious background, which is now housing the low class of blue collar workers and losing its population due to deterioration of social condition and physical quality. The results, based on survey, random sampling and statistical analysis, show that social and physical capitals (as the main community assets) have increasing effect on organized participation tendency (as the main goal of ABCD). Subsequent analysis showed that social capital is a direct factor to increase organized participation tendency and consequently neighborhood development, and physical capital, as an indirect factor, serves to increase social capital. Therefore by applying this approach for development, people-based strategies (to enhance participation) and place-based strategies (to enhance social capital), should simultaneously be considered.