مطالب

Purpose: In today’s world learning a second language, especially English, has become vital for success, both academically and professionally. Yet, learners’ characteristics like affective features and linguistic background may impact either the ultimate level of achievement. Methodology: This study was carried out to determine whether there is a difference in test anxiety, attitude, integrative and instrumental motivation of the monolingual and bilingual university students in English. To this end, 227 questionnaires obtained from freshman university students majoring in various fields from 125 bilingual students at the University of Payame Noor and Islamic Azad University of Meshkin Shahr and 125 monolingual students at the Payame Noor University of Qazvin in Iran. Three Independent t-tests were run to compare these two groups’ attitude, instrumental and integrative motivations and test anxiety. Findings: The findings revealed that the bilingual students had a significantly more positive attitude and showed a significantly higher integrative motivation towards learning English. However, no significant difference was observed among the two groups regarding their instrumental motivation and test anxiety. Discussion: Pedagogical implications of the study will be discussed. The bilingual students possess a higher level of motivation towards learning English language than do the monolingual students.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the impact of Diamond-Levitt and knowledge management, organizational effectiveness, in PNU Kermanshah province. The study was a descriptive - survey. The population of the study, 470 employees of Payame Noor University in Kermanshah province, are included. Using Cochran formula, 212 people were selected. Materials and method: Data collection tools, questionnaires Diamond Levitt, and knowledge management researcher, and organizational effectiveness Parsons (1969). Questionnaire, approved three professors, and reliability with Cronbach's alpha for diamonds Levitt, knowledge management and organizational effectiveness, respectively (86%, 82% and 77%) are. Findings: By SPSS and LISREL, research data were analyzed. The results of the analysis and stepwise linear regression, 95% indicated that the diamond Levitt knowledge management variables (0.226), and organizational effectiveness (0.227) and knowledge management and organizational effectiveness (0.178), have a significant positive effect. The results of the study showed that, in effect Diamond Levitt knowledge management, organizational effectiveness as a mediator (0.263) is. Discussion: Also in this study to test the conceptual model, structural equation modeling was used, the results of direct effects diamond variable Levitt, knowledge management, (0.87) and organizational effectiveness (0.66), and the direct effect of knowledge management on organizational effectiveness (0.52), and the indirect effect and the effect of variable diamond-Levitt, organizational effectiveness, respectively (0.69) and (0.11) is indicated and the t-statistic is also witness to the significance of the results is. Finally, the mediating role of knowledge management, the relationship between the Diamond-Levitt, and was supported organizational effectiveness, so that the diamond Levitt indirect impact on organizational effectiveness, with the role of knowledge management (indirect effect = 0.69), Levitt diamonds larger than the direct impact on organizational effectiveness (direct effect = 0.66) is. The above results indicate fit (RMSEA = 0.072 and GFI=0.93) was the optimal model.

Purpose: A teaching organization is one whose members are all teaching and learning. This study investigated the model of teaching organization for Farhangian University. Materials and Method: To this end, 35 experts and clear sighted individuals working in this university and are aware of this university function were interviewed and data were elicited. The method was the systematic plan of data-based theory. Measuring validity of data using interviewees and experts' comments and estimating reliability through experimental interviews were done. Findings: The results during 3 steps of open, axial and selective coding indicated 54 components, which were in a paradigm model including: hardware infrastructures (educational equipment, physical space and new technologies); software infrastructures (proper curriculum programming, organizational and media relations, organizational atmosphere, organizational value internalization, ideas and organizational subjective patterns, financial resources management, paving the way for mutual learning, members cooperation in mutual learning, organizational culture of teaching and scientific-social networks); thought ware infrastructures (human capitals, inter-members mutual trust, management subjective pattern, edge, members empowering, members attitude and mentality, members energy and motivation and teachable points of view); social factors, informational and technical factors, political factors, value factors, economic factors, environmental-biological factors, and team learning, common perspective, systemic thought, personal dominance, subjective models, producing knowledge and conveying knowledge. Discussion: They are reflected the model of a teaching organization for Farhangian University.

Purpose: One of the concerns of the majority of Iranian families is the acceptance of their children at the university entrance exam, and in this way each one will provide facilities to their children. Method: The amount of facilities available to children is influenced by the size of households' economic capital and therefore there is a significant difference between them in achieving success. But there are kinds of capital that can largely provide a relatively fair background for breakthroughs. Therefore, this article seeks to answer the question of how much students' success in getting to university is influenced by the social and cultural capital of their families? The research method is survey-based and 374 students who participated in the national entrance examination of 2017-18 compromised the sample size. First, using the U-Mann-Whitney test, it was shown that male and female students had a relatively similar background in cultural and social capital. Findings: The findings of this research show that family cultural capital, as Bourdieu stated, is effective on students' academic achievement, which at the level of sig= 0.01, the correlation was 0.24, although in relation to the effect of social capital on the dependent variable unlike Coleman's theory, especially in the two domains of intra-family relationships (sig = 0.45), and out-of-family relationships (sig =0.6), given the significant level of sig> 0.05, the hypotheses are not confirmed. Conclusion: social and cultural capital of parents influences the academic achievement of admission to university, but contrary to basic research.

Purpose: Penal procedure is a long process starts from crime discovery and ends to penal verdict execution. The result of such process can be observed in final step of penal procedure, that is, penal verdict execution. Convictions mentioned in penal verdict in Iranian legal system are too diverse so they can be initially divided into financial and nonfinancial convictions. Methodology: The present research is applied in terms of purpose and content analysis method. In the organization of research, the documentary and library methods have been used and the information analysis has been obtained qualitatively and based on the inference of the researcher on the sources and texts. Findings: The execution of penal financial convictions including cash fine, property restitution, crime – related loss, blood money, expropriation and destroying the assets are encountering with a series of radical challenges. Iranian Penal Procedure Law (2013, amended in 2015) and law on How to Execute Financial Convictions (2015) have resolved some relevant problems while some issues such as abusing the payment of financial convictions in instalments, the possibility of abusing in proving insolvency by the attestation of two witness, transferring the burden of proving losing party’s affordability to winning party are still remained. Conclusion: In this vein, some conflicts between legal provisions, transferring procedure previous problems to penal verdicts execution, lack of an independent and strong structure and machinery to execute penal verdicts are, inter alia, the most important challenges for executing penal financial convictions in Iran.

One of the most important basic human issues is the education, which has always been considered by many thinkers. The issue of education has gone a long way from the past to the present; so that in the contemporary world, it has entered new realms with the emergence of new schools such as pragmatism and postmodernism. One of the most important of these arenas is the emergence of critical thinking in the field of education. Critical education is a theory in the field of education that emphasizes the development of critical thinking and knowledge of students, and the curriculum elements are designed in such a way that critical knowledge of political, cultural, economic and social developed in it. Thinkers such as Paulo Freire , Henry Giroux, Michael Apple, Jurgen-Habermas and Peter McLaren, who plotted and made their point of view. The present research sought to determine the main elements of the curriculum of critical education based on the views of theorists on this field. Identifying the philosophical and social foundations and determining the main elements of the curriculum, such as the role of school, teacher, student, and evaluation, finding teaching methods and curriculum content in critical education, emphasizing the notion of prominent scholars of this field were among the goals of this research. First, the critical theory of the Frankfurt School and then the foundations and elements of the curriculum in postmodernism and critical education were examined and then the views and ideas of the major theorists of this field were analyzed. The findings of this research made it clear that prominent scholars of this field followed humanists in their philosophical and psychological foundations and to achieve their educational goals, which were critical awareness, propose a problem and in this case, dialogue played an essential role.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the harm of successful deployment of knowledge management system in urban management. Methodology: This was an applied study in terms of the purpose, and a descriptive-survey one in terms of method. The statistical population (403 ones) included all managers, deputies and experienced staff of selected municipalities in west of Mazandaran Province (Ramsar, Tonekabon, Noshahr, Noor, Amol and محمودabad) in 2018; the research was done based on data collected from 201 participants were according to the Cochran formula with relative stratified sampling method. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, single sample t-test, confirmatory factor analysis and Friedman test were used to test the research hypotheses. Findings: Chi-square statistic in the model was 37.241, the freedom degree of the model was 100, which was approximately in the range of acceptable value. On the other hand, the fit indices of model such as NNFI, NFI, GFI, CFI and IFI were all appropriate and the RMR index was 0.083. Conclusion: According to the results of standard coefficients, t values and R2 values in confirmatory factor analysis, in all dimensions introduced in the conceptual model of the research including 1. Organizational structure, 2. Environmental factors, 3. Technology factors, and 4. Human resources, were effective as a social harm in the failure to the successful deployment of knowledge management in urban management.

Purpose: This paper follows a two-fold objective: First it examines the relationship between the external factors of compensation, support, empowerment, boundaries and expectations, pre-service and in- service training and Iranian EFL teachers’ performance. Second, it searches for the moderating effect of self-regulation on the relationship between teachers’ external assets and their performance. Methodology: To achieve the above aims, a quantitative approach to research was employed. The samples included two hundred Iranian EFL teachers of universities and English institutes of Kerman, Iran. The data were collected by means of self-administered questionnaires and analyzed by AMOS software. The direct structural model was employed to determine the path relationships between the external factors and teachers’ performance. Findings: The result showed that external assets had a positive and significant effect on the Iranian EFL teachers' performance as dependent variable (β = .372, C. R= 6.211, P <.05). Moreover, self-regulation moderates the path relation between two of the variables: boundaries and expectation and the EFL teachers' performance. The path relation between the other four variables of the external assets including pre-service and in- service training, support, compensation and empowerment for low and high self-regulation was not found to be significant, i.e. self-regulation moderation effect for these relations was not supported. Discussion: Working conditions for teachers should be best promote effective learning and enable teachers to concentrate on their professional tasks.

The purpose of this study was to determine the efficacy of acceptance-based treatment and commitment to interdependence, loneliness and Attributional styles of addicts' wives. The present study was a quasi-experimental design with a pretest-posttest with control group and from the perspective of the purpose, the research was applied. The statistical population of the study consisted of all wives of drug addicts in Tehran. The sample of the present study was based on objective sampling based on available sampling including 30 subjects (15 subjects in each group, 15 in the experimental group and 15 in the control group). The research instruments were Spen-Fisher questionnaire (1991), loneliness questionnaire, Attributional style styles, and adherence-based therapy package. Data were analyzed by repeated measures of covariance and Bonferrini test. Findings showed that considering the fact that the level of significance is smaller than α, also considering that the effect of pre-test was covariate by covariance test, it can be concluded that in the context of the variables of dependency, loneliness and Attributional styles, Treatment based on admission and commitment has been significantly effective. Also, considering all the three variables, we can conclude that the experimental intervention has led to changes in the experimental group. So the treatment affected the decrease in dependency and loneliness and the change in the Attributional style.

Purpose: With the expansion of technology and its impact on the various aspects of human life, particularly in the field of commerce and exchanges, and with the expansion of competition in the field of international trade, the study of various aspects of electronic commerce as one of the most important effects of this type of business, is inevitable. The present research seeks to answer the main question: "what is the judicial citation of electronic evidence in electronic commerce cases, and what legal and social effects will it have?". Methodology: The present study is a descriptive-analytic (qualitative) one and uses inferential methodology using the researcher's ability to understand the legal scans related to the judicial citation of electronic evidence in electronic commerce cases and also to rely on evidence and facts are used. Findings: Using electronic communications as a means of conducting various types of interaction, such as deals, poses an important topic for e-commerce that due to the features of cyberspace, the clarification of the legal system in electronic commerce cases has a particular importance to the other issues of IT rights in the line with judicial justice. Conclusion: If the process of discovery and access to electronic evidence is carried out in accordance with the legal principles, it can be the basis for issuing the sentence and the rules governing the evidence (law) are also the same for the electronic commerce cases.

Purpose: the transformation of marriage patterns and family formation by following transition from traditional society to a modern society causes changes in goals, function of family formation. The aim of this study was comparative investigation of the attitudes of single and married individuals about marriage function. Materials and method: the study performed by qualitative method. The statistical society included all married and single men and women in Tehran city. Sample size was 55 single and 57 married men. 66 single and 60 married women. They were selected using purposeful and available sampling method. First, the statistical analysis performed through content analysis of the subject’s response to an open question as "What is the function of marriage” and after categorizing the responses by several psychologists, using the chi-square test was evaluated agreement between comments of married and single people. Findings: the response of subjects classified in six categories of physiological (physical), psychological, social, economic, religious and spiritual functions and comparison of groups showed significant differences in these categories. There was consistent between single and married people's comments about physiological function of marriage. Disagreement seen with regard to psychological, social and economic function. The married groups more than the single groups had investigated spiritual and religious category. Discussion: despite consistent and discrepancies resulting from the change in people's views about marriage function; as individuals consider functions and benefits for marriage, indicating the place and value of marriage in today's society and in consultations.

Take comprehensive and holistic social harm, risks and damage. Check the rights of consumers, from this perspective, a new look and dynamic, because the causes, effects and risk of non-compliance with consumer rights as a kind of social harm, discussed and examined. The first goal of manufacturers of goods and services in the economic cycle profitability. In fact, growers intend to sell their products and earn money in this regard, in some cases, consumer rights, the most important manufacturers of survival is to be applied. Disregard the social consequences of mistrust producers to consumers' rights, prosperity foreign goods, intangible victimization and lack of support from the government and bring the manufacturer. The authors of this paper shows that the foundations of Consumer Rights to the pathology violation of consumer rights and finally conclude that the population of consumers as a single entity, need to deal with the lawsuit group and institution building spontaneous, and finally, the request to amend the consumer protection Act, the community's social ills and dangers, is protected

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the present study is presenting a model to provide the succession for the managers of Education & Training organization. The research method in terms of the purpose was practical/ fundamental one, in terms of collecting the data, it was descriptive- surveying and in terms of data type, it was mixed (qualitative & quantitative) exploratory one. Methodology: The population of the study in qualitative part includes academic experts and Tehran Education & Training top managers. Among them, the sample was selected according to purposive sampling and 10 person’s saturation method. The second group of the study population includes all heads and deputies (2400) of the Education Department in the provincial centers of the country. The sample size of 331 was selected by multilevel cluster sampling method. Data collection was done by library, semi-structured interviews (qualitative part) and research made questionnaire with 84 questions (quantitative part) was used. Interviews with experts indicate that the interview was valid and for measuring the reliability, theoretical coding based on fundamental data theory was used. For measuring the questionnaires’ validity, the face, content and construct validity were measured and for measuring the questionnaires’ reliability, Cronbach's alpha reliability coefficient and retest were used. According to the study research questions, descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (Verifiable and exploratory factor analysis and one sample t-test) were used in quantitative part using SPSS and Lisrel soft wares. Findings: The results of the study indicated that the models input that was the factors influenced on succession included, individual, organizational and procedural. The model output, that is the effective factors included, job satisfaction (job nature, development opportunities and organizational climate). Conclusion: According to mentioned components, the presented model had good fit. Also the results showed that the situation of succession, job satisfaction, coaching tasks and talent management was undesirable, but the situation of the leadership roles and human capital was desirable.