مطالب

Humanistic philosophic approaches and the ever-increasing dominance of humans on nature and the excessive use of it have all led to the emergence of an environmental crisis. This incident has necessitated the clarification of the causes, as well as understanding the spiritual and philosophical dimensions of the crisis for all. Researchers have found that this crisis is the result of philosophical approaches that have led to the exploitation of nature through the fundamental transformation of human's understanding of nature. This theory has had many consequences, due to a secular look and the elimination of spirituality from nature and the instrumental look. Seyyed Hussein Nasr, to restore spirituality to nature and revive his sacred reality, by looking at the man as part of nature to save the natural life of man, challenged this theory. The method of this study is library research based on the analysis. The purpose of this research has been to study and analyze the spiritual foundations of the environmental crisis and to improve the awareness of people to protect the environment. In this article, Seyyed Hossein Nasr's views, the oppositional views, and the cause of the emergence The results of the research show that although some scholars attribute the environmental crisis to religious teachings, arguing that the beliefs of religious leaders have led to the deterioration and degradation of environmental resources, as well as weakening their motivation to develop a safe environment, recognizing the spiritual dimensions of the crisis can play an important role in developing the appropriate attitudes and behaviors toward the environment; So the solution to the crisis is restoring spirituality to nature and reviving the sacred reality.

today, with rapid advancement of industry and technology, many concerns about the adverse consequences threaten human life. The objective of this research is to investigate environmental education as an implement to reduce and evaluate the environmental consequences of petrochemical products based on the hierarchical analysis. The methodology was a survey of a statistical group involving 30 managers and experts in the petrochemical industry. The tool for the survey has consisted of a questionnaire with a pair scale-single response. In this model, the validity of the research was confirmed by the Delphi method and obtaining the opinion of experts in the field of occupational health and reliability of the questionnaire calculated by the inconsistency rate (less than 0.1). First, three criteria including environmental impact, destruction of the natural environment, impacts on individual health, and the most important harmful effects of each criterion were identified. Among the three main criteria, the most influential factor is the environmental impact criterion with a relative weight of 0.670. The criteria for the destruction of the natural environment and health effect of petrochemical workers with a relative weight of 0.260 and 0.699, respectively, are in the next priority. The water pollution parameter with a relative weight of 0.602 is the most important among the 5 sub-criteria. The parameter of effects on the biological environment with a relative weight of 0.373 among the 3 sub-criteria, and the parameter of the respiratory system with a relative weight of 0.417 among the 5 sub-criteria have the greatest effect, respectively

Though learner-centered paradigm of education has long been introduced to pedagogy in general and language teaching in particular, it seems that scant heed has been given to its implementation as well as the restrictions and challenges on its way. In an attempt to shed more light on the status of learner-centered instruction in Iranian language schools, particularly as regards the impediments hindering its proper application, the current researchers selected a cohort of 240 teachers and 450 students for the questionnaire phase through convenience sampling, as well as 29 male and female language school learners and 30 EFL teachers for interview. Due to its mostly qualitative nature, the study made use of data gathered via questionnaires and semi-structured interviews. As the findings revealed, students referred to resource constraints and teachers’ tendency toward applying traditional practices as the two overriding barriers restricting proper LCE implementation. The other two prominent factors singled out by the findings obtained out of students’ attitudes were lack of clear definition of LCE and lack of familiarity resulting from improper training. As regards teachers’ perspectives of impediments, however, poor motivation on the part of teachers and parents’ lack of receptivity for LCE were identified as the most prominent barriers. Finally, in line with the interview findings, all three categories of teacher-induced, learner-induced, and context-relevant factors were reported to be responsible for limiting LCE implementation with variable degrees of influence. The study findings are thought to have practical implications for English language pedagogy in the Iranian context.